“…In the language learning classroom and beyond, instructors and students may use NATIVE-LIKE as an aspirational benchmark for success [42][43][44] , while downplaying the emerging or existing multicompetencies of language learners 45,46 . When labels designed for written language forms are applied to spoken forms, as with "Chinese," determining what NATIVE or NATIVE-LIKE means becomes problematic in a different way, as individuals are then expected to demonstrate proficiency across modalities and language varieties.…”