“…While Internet usage can reduce communication barriers, lower costs, enable rapid responses, and promote interpersonal bonds and social networks (Xie et al, 2021), maladaptive or excessive Internet use has been linked to adverse effects on mental health (Dahl D, 2020;Odacı & Çelik, 2013;Stepanikova, Nie, & He, 2010). Empirical evidence underscores that problematic Internet use (PIU) and Internet addiction (Dell'Osso B, 2021;Hidalgo-Fuentes S, 2023;KS, 1998;Lieberman, 2020;MM, 2014) increase the likelihood of depression, anxiety, social isolation, and even suicide (Cai Z, 2023;Haddad C, 2021;Kożybska, 2022;Lakkunarajah S, 2022;Marchant A, 2017;Peng C, 2021;Yang X, 2022).…”