“…Researchers who reject problem-first inductive teaching methods often claim that they are incompatible with human cognitive architecture as described by cognitive load theory (Sweller et al, 1998(Sweller et al, , 2019. However, there is contradictory evidence showing that some inductive instructional methods such as productive failure (Kerrigan et al, 2021;Loibl & Leukel, 2023;Sinha & Kapur, 2021;Trninic et al, 2022) can improve learner performance and at the same time reduce cognitive load (Niu et al, 2021).…”