Problem-Based Learning: Effects on the Early Acquisition of Cognitive Skill in Medicine

The Role of Argumentation in Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning During Problem-Based Learning in Medical Education: A Conceptual Framework

“…The HDR model can provide medical students with a useful procedural guideline to solve a diagnostic problem, because most clinical situations do not seem to be familiar to them and they lack experience with routine methods of problem solving (Elstein, 1995). The HDR model as an appropriate approach for helping medical students develop their problem-solving skills is incorporated in PBL (Groves, 2007;Hmelo, 1998;Patel et al, 2005).…”

“…In the HDR process, students in a small group are first presented with a patient's medical problem through a paper, video, or standardized patient before any study occurs in the area of the problem, and they generate multiple hypotheses to explain the causes of the patient's problem, conduct inquiries to test their hypotheses, and finally make a diagnostic decision and treatment plan for the patient (Barrows, 1985(Barrows, , 1994Barrows & Tamblyn, 1980). Thus, HDR is considered as a clinical reasoning model as well as a learning model (Barrows, 1985(Barrows, , 1994Barrows & Tamblyn, 1980;Groves, 2007;Hmelo, 1998;Patel, Arocha, & Zhang, 2005). Although PBL is expected to promote students' clinical reasoning skills, especially HDR skills, in theory when compared to traditional methods, there have been gaps between theoretical outcomes and those actually obtained in practice (Hung, 2011).…”

Co-regulation and knowledge construction in an online synchronous problem based learning setting

“…Students become responsible for their own learning and progress collaboratively creating a shared group representation of knowledge (Greeno 1998;Hmelo-Silver 2004). The literature shows that medical students who practice PBL tend to demonstrate better knowledge application to their domain and more effective problem-solving skills than students who do not experience PBL (Hmelo 1998;Hmelo and Lin 2000;Schmidt et al 1996). Facilitators are often teachers who support learners in their problem solving by monitoring the group discussions.…”

Targeting Transfer in a STELLAR PBL Course for Pre-Service Teachers

“…PBL curricula have had positive effects in promoting learning and transfer, particularly in medical education (Dochy, Segers, van den Bossche, & Gijbels, 2003;Hmelo, 1998). PBL is a method of instruction that relies on students working in collaborative groups to learn through solving problems and taking responsibility for their own learning, including setting and researching their learning goals, (i.e., learning issues; Barrows, 1996;Hmelo-Silver, 2004;Savery, 2006).…”