“…However, a majority of these are theoretical (e.g., Stinson & Milter, 1996;Milne & McConnell, 2001;Brownell & Jameson, 2004;DeFillippi & Milter, 2009) rather than empirical. And those that report any empirical findings, do not directly compare learning outcomes for problem-based learning and lecturebased instruction (see for example, Hsieh & Knight, 2008;Mitchell, Canavan, & Smith, 2010;Downing, Ning, & Shin, 2011;Bamford, Karjalainen, & Jenavs, 2012;Stanley & Marsden, 2012;Hartman, Moberg, & Lambert, 2013).…”