Probiotics to manage inflammation in HIV infection

Reikvam, Dag Henrik; Meyer‐Myklestad, Malin Holm; Trøseid, Marius; Stiksrud, Birgitte

doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000612

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 276 publications

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“…There are several approaches proposed for managements of chronic inflammation and immune activation in PLHIV. However, results from clinical trials on the use of conventional and unconventional anti-inflammatory agents as well as probiotics [ 25 , 26 ], are promising but remain unsatisfactory [ 27 – 30 ]. In this study, we observed that relationship between markers of inflammation varied with treatment status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced baseline immunosuppression is associated with elevated levels of plasma markers of fungal translocation and inflammation in long-term treated HIV-infected Tanzanians

et al. 2021

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Background For over a decade, antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited countries was only recommended for patients with advanced HIV disease. We investigated this group of patients in order to determine any relationship between degree of immunosuppression during treatment initiation and the subsequent levels of inflammatory biomarkers, reservoir size and plasma marker of fungal translocation after achieving long-term virological control. Methods We analyzed 115 virally suppressed (female 83.5%) and 40 untreated (female 70%) subjects from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The size of HIV latent reservoir (proviral DNA copy) was determined using quantitative PCR. Inflammatory biomarkers; IL-6, IL-10, and soluble CD14 (sCD14), were measured using multiplex cytometric beads array. Antibody titers for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV), plasma level of 1-3-beta-d-Glucan (BDG) was measured using ELISA. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured using nephelometric method. Results The median age was 36 (IQR 32-44) and 47 (IQR 43–54) years in untreated and virally suppressed patients respectively. Median duration of treatment for virally suppressed patients was 9 years (IQR 7–12) and median baseline CD4 count was 147 cells/mm3 (IQR 65–217). Virally suppressed patients were associated with significantly lower plasma levels of IL-10, sCD14 and BDG (P < 0.05) when compared to untreated patients. However, plasma level of IL-6 was similar between the groups. Baseline advanced level of immunosuppression (CD4 < 100cells/cm3) was associated with significantly higher plasma level of IL-6 (P = 0.02), hsCRP (P = 0.036) and BDG (P = 0.0107). This relationship was not seen in plasma levels of other tested markers. Degree of baseline immunosuppression was not associated with the subsequent proviral DNA copy. In addition, plasma levels of inflammatory marker were not associated with sex, CMV or EBV antibody titers, treatment duration or regimen. Conclusions Our data suggest that advanced immunosuppression at ART initiation is associated with severity of inflammation and elevated fungal translocation marker despite long term virological control. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential increased burden of non-AIDS comorbidities that are linked to elevated inflammatory and fungal translocation markers as a result of the policy of HIV treatment at CD4 count < 200 cells/cm3 implemented for over a decade in Tanzania.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced baseline immunosuppression is associated with elevated levels of plasma markers of fungal translocation and inflammation in long-term treated HIV-infected Tanzanians

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, it is possible that HIV and SIV utilize the microbiota to develop their pathogenesis as well [90]. Moreover, we should again mention that in spite of these many studies which support the idea of beneficial role of microbiota on HIV infection, there are also studies which have not supported this idea [122]. As the last example, vaginal dysbiosis increases in IL-33 which is an alarming compound for epithelial damages, then inhibits T cells migration to vaginal lymphoid tissues, so it can't secret antiviral interferons and cytokines and let HSV infection to promote [121,123].…”

Section: Promotionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Recent studies suggest that probiotic bacteria have a beneficial role in HIV patients during antiretroviral treatment via maintaining microbiota composition, reducing mucosal and systemic inflammation, stimulating natural killer cell, increasing macrophage phagocytic activity, stimulating interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-18 and improving intestinal barrier [100,[119][120][121]. In spite of these many studies, which support the idea of beneficial role of microbiota on HIV infection, there are also studies which did not support this [122]. As the last example, vaginal dysbiosis increases in IL-33, which is an alarming compound for epithelial damages, then inhibits T cells migration to vaginal lymphoid tissues, so it can't secret antiviral interferons and cytokines and thereby promotes HSV infection [121,123].…”

Section: The Gut Microbiota Role In Stdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual and mutual interaction between microbiota and viral infections: a possible treat for COVID-19

et al. 2020

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All of humans and other mammalian species are colonized by some types of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, unicellular eukaryotes like fungi and protozoa, multicellular eukaryotes like helminths, and viruses, which in whole are called microbiota. These microorganisms have multiple different types of interaction with each other. A plethora of evidence suggests that they can regulate immune and digestive systems and also play roles in various diseases, such as mental, cardiovascular, metabolic and some skin diseases. In addition, they take-part in some current health problems like diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancers and infections. Viral infection is one of the most common and problematic health care issues, particularly in recent years that pandemics like SARS and COVID-19 caused a lot of financial and physical damage to the world. There are plenty of articles investigating the interaction between microbiota and infectious diseases. We focused on stimulatory to suppressive effects of microbiota on viral infections, hoping to find a solution to overcome this current pandemic. Then we reviewed mechanistically the effects of both microbiota and probiotics on most of the viruses. But unlike previous studies which concentrated on intestinal microbiota and infection, our focus is on respiratory system’s microbiota and respiratory viral infection, bearing in mind that respiratory system is a proper entry site and residence for viruses, and whereby infection, can lead to asymptomatic, mild, self-limiting, severe or even fatal infection. Finally, we overgeneralize the effects of microbiota on COVID-19 infection. In addition, we reviewed the articles about effects of the microbiota on coronaviruses and suggest some new therapeutic measures.

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“…Manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by probiotic therapy could improve musical immune responses. Previous studies have confirmed that probiotics are well-tolerated by anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals, although the overarching conclusions varied between studies 15 . Indeed, several groups demonstrated marked improvement with probiotic therapy, including reduced peripheral and intestinal frequencies of activated CD4 + T cells 16,17 and lower levels of inflammatory markers in the CNS 18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of persistent modulation of intestinal microbiota on SIV/HIV vaccination in rhesus macaques

et al. 2021

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An effective vaccine to prevent HIV transmission has not yet been achieved. Modulation of the microbiome via probiotic therapy has been suggested to result in enhanced mucosal immunity. Here, we evaluated whether probiotic therapy could improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SIV/HIV vaccination. Rhesus macaques were co-immunized with an SIV/HIV DNA vaccine via particle-mediated epidermal delivery and an HIV protein vaccine administered intramuscularly with Adjuplex™ adjuvant, while receiving daily oral Visbiome® probiotics. Probiotic therapy alone led to reduced frequencies of colonic CCR5+ and CCR6+ CD4+ T cells. Probiotics with SIV/HIV vaccination led to similar reductions in colonic CCR5+ CD4+ T cell frequencies. SIV/HIV-specific T cell and antibody responses were readily detected in the periphery of vaccinated animals but were not enhanced with probiotic treatment. Combination probiotics and vaccination did not impact rectal SIV/HIV target populations or reduce the rate of heterologous SHIV acquisition during the intrarectal challenge. Finally, post-infection viral kinetics were similar between all groups. Thus, although probiotics were well-tolerated when administered with SIV/HIV vaccination, vaccine-specific responses were not significantly enhanced. Additional work will be necessary to develop more effective strategies of microbiome modulation in order to enhance mucosal vaccine immunogenicity and improve protective immune responses.

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Probiotics to manage inflammation in HIV infection

Abstract: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) .

Cited by 21 publications

References 276 publications

Advanced baseline immunosuppression is associated with elevated levels of plasma markers of fungal translocation and inflammation in long-term treated HIV-infected Tanzanians

Advanced baseline immunosuppression is associated with elevated levels of plasma markers of fungal translocation and inflammation in long-term treated HIV-infected Tanzanians

Dual and mutual interaction between microbiota and viral infections: a possible treat for COVID-19

Effects of persistent modulation of intestinal microbiota on SIV/HIV vaccination in rhesus macaques

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