Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity

Kim, Y A; Keogh, Jennifer B.; Clifton, Peter

doi:10.1017/s095442241700018x

Cited by 217 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(204 reference statements)

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“…Accordingly, whether maternal gut microbiota-targeted therapy may have beneficial effects on other HF-induced adverse metabolic diseases deserve further clarification. Probiotics and prebiotics have been shown to promote the release of the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) [46,47], resulting in reduced food intake, improved glucose tolerance, and promoted weight loss in obese people [48,49]. Given that we did not record food consumption by mothers in the current study, effects of prebiotic or probiotic therapy on BP later in life could be due to reduced food intake of dams, which might be independent of gut microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal High-Fat Diet: Effect of Maternal Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapy

et al. 2019

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Hypertension can originate in early life caused by perinatal high-fat (HF) consumption. Gut microbiota and their metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine (TMA), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are involved in the development of hypertension. Despite the beneficial effects of prebiotic/probiotic on human health, little is known whether maternal use of prebiotics/probiotics could protect offspring against the development of hypertension in adulthood. We investigated whether perinatal HF diet-induced programmed hypertension in adult offspring can be prevented by therapeutic uses of prebiotic inulin or probiotic Lactobacillus casei during gestation and lactation. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received regular chow or HF diet (D12331, Research Diets), with 5% w/w long chain inulin (PRE), or 2 × 108 CFU/day Lactobacillus casei via oral gavage (PRO) during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring (n = 8/group) were assigned to four groups: control, HF, PRE, and PRO. Rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. Maternal prebiotic or probiotic therapy prevents elevated blood pressure (BP) programmed by perinatal HF consumption. Both prebiotic and probiotic therapies decreased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and renal mRNA expression of Ace, but increased abundance of genus Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Additionally, prebiotic treatment prevents HF-induced elevation of BP is associated with reduced fecal propionate and acetate levels, while probiotic therapy restored several Lactobacillus species. Maternal probiotic or prebiotic therapy caused a reduction in plasma TMAO level and TMAO-to-TMA ratio. The beneficial effects of prebiotic or probiotic therapy on elevated BP programmed by perinatal HF diet are relevant to alterations of microbial populations, modulation of microbial-derived metabolites, and mediation of the renin-angiotensin system. Our results cast a new light on the use of maternal prebiotic/probiotic therapy to prevent hypertension programmed by perinatal HF consumption. The possibility of applying gut microbiota-targeted therapies as a reprogramming strategy for hypertension warrants further clinical translation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal High-Fat Diet: Effect of Maternal Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapy

et al. 2019

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“…However, to the best of our knowledge this is the first large cross-sectional demographic study that has specifically identified probiotic supplementation as a potential protective factor with regard to overweightness and obesity. The mechanisms behind this relationship are unclear, but in addition to modulating energy harvest and nutrient absorption through alterations in microbiota, probiotics might act through improving insulin sensitivity (27) or increasing satiety (24). Additional prospective data should be collected to identify whether there is a causal relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors associated with canine overweightness and obesity in an owner-reported survey

Perry

Shmalberg

Tanprasertsuk

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Overweightness and obesity in dogs are associated with negative health outcomes. A better understanding of risk factors associated with canine weight is fundamental to identifying preventative interventions and treatments. In this cross-sectional study, we used a direct to consumer approach to collect body condition scores (BCS), as well as demographic, diet, and lifestyle data on 4,446 dogs. BCS was assessed by owners using a 9-point system and categorized as ideal (BCS 4-5), overweight (BCS 6), and obese (BCS 7+). Following univariate analyses, a stepwise procedure was used to select variables which were included in multivariate logistic regression models. One model was created to compare ideal to all overweight and obese dogs, and another was created to compare ideal to obese dogs only. We then used Elastic Net selection and XGBoost variable importance measures to validate these results. Results: Overall, 1,480 (33%) of dogs were reported to be overweight or obese, of which 356 (8% total) of dogs were reported to be obese. Seven factors were significantly associated with both overweightness/obesity and obesity alone in all three analyses (stepwise, Elastic Net, and XGBoost): diet composition, probiotic supplementation, treat quantity, exercise, age, food motivation level, and pet appetite. Neutering was also associated with overweightness/obesity in all analyses. Conclusions: This study recapitulated established risk factors associated with BCS (age, exercise, neutering). Moreover, we elucidated associations between previously examined risk factors and BCS (diet composition, treat consumption, and temperament) and identified a novel factor (probiotic supplementation). Specifically, relative to dogs on fresh food diets, BCS was higher in dogs eating dry food both alone and in combination with other foods. Furthermore, dogs receiving probiotics, but not other forms of supplementation, were more likely to have an ideal BCS. Future studies should corroborate these findings with experimental manipulations.

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“…For example, addition of propionate to hepatocytes in vitro was indicated to decrease cholesterol synthesis by reducing HMGCoAR activity 28,29 . The mechanism of this result has not been clearly elucidated; however, it could be speculated that the AMPK pathway is involved, which is on the one hand known to be activated by SCFA and on the other to inhibit HMGCoAR activity 28,30 . Further, also via AMPK activation, hepatic fatty acid oxidation is increased by SCFA, while fatty acid synthesis is lower 10 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the prebiotic fiber inulin on cholesterol metabolism in wildtype mice

Mistry

Schols

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates are perceived to improve health via gut microbiota-dependent generation of products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). In addition, SCFA are also precursors for lipid and cholesterol synthesis potentially resulting in unwanted effects on lipid metabolism. Inulin is a widely used model prebiotic dietary fiber. Inconsistent reports on the effects of inulin on cholesterol homeostasis have emerged in humans and preclinical models. To clarify this issue, the present study aimed to provide an in-depth characterization of the effects of short-chain (sc)- and long-chain (lc)- inulin on cholesterol synthesis, absorption and elimination in mice. Feeding wildtype C57BL/6J mice diets supplemented with 10% (w/w) of either sc- or lc-inulin for two weeks resulted in approximately 2.5-fold higher fecal SCFA levels (P < 0.01) compared with controls, but had no significant effects on plasma and liver lipids. Subtle shifts in fecal and plasma bile acid species were detected with beta-muricholic acid increasing significantly in plasma of the inulin fed groups (1.7-fold, P < 0.05). However, neither sc-inulin nor lc-inulin affected intestinal cholesterol absorption, mass fecal cholesterol excretion or trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). Combined, our data demonstrate that sc- and lc-inulin have no adverse effects on cholesterol metabolism in mice despite increased generation of SCFA.

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Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity

Cited by 217 publications

References 166 publications

Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal High-Fat Diet: Effect of Maternal Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapy

Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal High-Fat Diet: Effect of Maternal Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapy

Risk factors associated with canine overweightness and obesity in an owner-reported survey

Effect of the prebiotic fiber inulin on cholesterol metabolism in wildtype mice

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