Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics Utilization in Crayfish Aquaculture and Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota

Abstract

Aquaculture is affected by numerous factors that may cause various health threats that have to be controlled by the most environmentally friendly approaches. In this context, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics are frequently incorporated into organisms’ feeding rations to ameliorate the health status of the host’s intestine, enhancing its functionality and physiological performance, and to confront increasing antimicrobial resistance. The first step in this direction is the understanding of the complex microbiome system of the organism in order to administer the optimal supplement, in the best concentration, and in the correct way. In the present review, pre-, pro-, and synbiotics as aquaculture additives, together with the factors affecting gut microbiome in crayfish, are discussed, combined with their future prospective outcomes. Probiotics constitute non-pathogenic bacteria, mainly focused on organisms’ energy production and efficient immune response; prebiotics constitute fiber indigestible by the host organism, which promote the preferred gastrointestinal tract microorganisms’ growth and activity towards the optimum balance between the gastrointestinal and immune system’s microbiota; whereas synbiotics constitute their combination as a blend. Among pro-, pre-, and synbiotics’ multiple benefits are boosted immunity, increased resistance towards pathogens, and overall welfare promotion. Furthermore, we reviewed the intestinal microbiota abundance and composition, which are found to be influenced by a plethora of factors, including the organism’s developmental stage, infection by pathogens, diet, environmental conditions, culture methods, and exposure to toxins. Intestinal microbial communities in crayfish exhibit high plasticity, with infections leading to reduced diversity and abundance. The addition of synbiotic supplementation seems to provide better results than probiotics and prebiotics separately; however, there are still conflicting results regarding the optimal concentration.

Study of the Impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum I on the Health Status of Queen Scallop Aequipecten opercularis

“…The advancements in targeted delivery systems have facilitated the precise localization of probiotics to their intended destinations, enabling them to exert favorable effects [12]. Multiple studies have been carried out on cultured animals, substantiating the influence of diverse probiotics on the abundance of beneficial bacteria and the reduction in pathogenic burden [13,14]. Employing probiotics has been demonstrated to be an effective approach in enhancing shellfish health and productivity [15,16].…”

“…Employing probiotics has been demonstrated to be an effective approach in enhancing shellfish health and productivity [15,16]. Various genera of bacteria are used as probiotics in aquaculture, including Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Paenibacillus, Phaeobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodosporidium, Roseobacter, Streptomyces, and Vibrio [14]. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have become increasingly used as probiotics in aquaculture over the past decade [17][18][19].…”

Evidence for Beneficial Physiological Responses of the Land Snail Cornu aspersum to Probiotics’ (Lactobacillus plantarum) Dietary Intervention

“…Therefore, dietary fortification of piglet diets with selenium and probiotics is very beneficial, making it a feasible nutritional supplement under conditions of heat stress during the summer season [ 63 ]. In aquatic invertebrates, it has been proven that probiotics’ addition triggers a thermal and metabolic stress response, substantially improving the welfare of the reared organism [ 64 ]. Studies conducted on the feeding of terrestrial productive animals—which were subjected to heat stress conditions—with an enriched diet with selenium and probiotics, demonstrated that the HSP expression was affected in both chicken [ 65 ] and piglets [ 63 ].…”

Effect of soybean and seaweed-based diets on growth performance, feed utilization, and gut microbiota of tilapia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The seaweed and soybean dietary components contain bioactive compounds such as isoflavones, saponins, and oligosaccharides in soybean [ 98 – 100 ], and polysaccharides, polyphenols, phycobiliproteins, and phlorotannins in seaweed [ 101 – 103 ]. These compounds can exert prebiotic effects, influencing the composition of the gut microbiota [ 104 ]. Prebiotics are essentially non-digestible substances that, when consumed, foster beneficial changes in the gut microbiome, promoting the development of a more favorable microbial community [ 105 ].…”