Probiotics, prebiotics, and microencapsulation: A review

Sarao, Loveleen Kaur; Arora, Mamta

doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.887055

Cited by 317 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…MFGM, another bioactive component of human milk, also provides a variety of important nutritional, antimicrobial and cognitive benefits (Dewettinck et al, 2008; Chatterton et al, 2013; Timby et al, 2014). Together these studies suggest that dietary prebiotics, Lf and MFGM can impact the gut microbiota and potentially promote stress resistance (Sarao and Arora, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Thompson

Roller

Mika

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Severe, repeated or chronic stress produces negative health outcomes including disruptions of the sleep/wake cycle and gut microbial dysbiosis. Diets rich in prebiotics and glycoproteins impact the gut microbiota and may increase gut microbial species that reduce the impact of stress. This experiment tested the hypothesis that consumption of dietary prebiotics, lactoferrin (Lf) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) will reduce the negative physiological impacts of stress. Male F344 rats, postnatal day (PND) 24, received a diet with prebiotics, Lf and MFGM (test) or a calorically matched control diet. Fecal samples were collected on PND 35/70/91 for 16S rRNA sequencing to examine microbial composition and, in a subset of rats; Lactobacillus rhamnosus was measured using selective culture. On PND 59, biotelemetry devices were implanted to record sleep/wake electroencephalographic (EEG). Rats were exposed to an acute stressor (100, 1.5 mA, tail shocks) on PND 87 and recordings continued until PND 94. Test diet, compared to control diet, increased fecal Lactobacillus rhamnosus colony forming units (CFU), facilitated non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep consolidation (PND 71/72) and enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep rebound after stressor exposure (PND 87). Rats fed control diet had stress-induced reductions in alpha diversity and diurnal amplitude of temperature, which were attenuated by the test diet (PND 91). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between early-life Deferribacteres (PND 35) and longer NREM sleep episodes (PND 71/72). A diet containing prebiotics, Lf and MFGM enhanced sleep quality, which was related to changes in gut bacteria and modulated the impact of stress on sleep, diurnal rhythms and the gut microbiota.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Thompson

Roller

Mika

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…Probiotics are usually optimized to survive under the pH conditions existing within the human colon, which is typically around pH 6 to 7 (Yeung, Arroyo-Maya, McClements, & Sela, 2016). However, the gastric fluids are typically highly acidic (around pH 1 to 3), which can be detrimental for the survival of many types of probiotics (Sarao & Arora, 2017). In particular, the highly acidic conditions in the gastric fluids cause a reduction of the cytoplasmic pH in the probiotics.…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An effective microencapsulation system should maintain the stability of the probiotics during storage, protect them from the harsh conditions in the upper GIT, release them in the colon, and then promote their ability to colonize the mucosal surfaces (Anselmo, McHugh, Webster, Langer, & Jaklenec, 2016;Fakhrullin & Lvov, 2012;Tripathi et al, 2013). A number of recent reviews have focused on the various kinds of oral delivery systems that have been developed to encapsulate probiotics (Chen, Wang, Liu, & Gong, 2017;De Prisco & Mauriello, 2016;Heidebach, Forst, & Kulozik, 2012;Iravani, Korbekandi, & Mirmohammadi, 2015;Mandal & Hati, 2017;Paula et al, 2019;Pavli, Tassou, Nychas, & Chorianopoulos, 2018;Ramos, Cerqueira, Teixeira, & Vicente, 2018;Sarao & Arora, 2017). However, many of these systems are unable to adequately protect probiotics from degradation within the human gut because of inherent limitations, such as their permeability to acids, enzymes, or bile salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

Yao

Xie

et al. 2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

289

160

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The potential health benefits of probiotics may not be realized because of the substantial reduction in their viability during food storage and gastrointestinal transit. Microencapsulation can be used to enhance the resistance of probiotics to unfavorable conditions. A range of oral delivery systems has been developed to increase the level of probiotics reaching the colon including embedding and coating systems. This review introduces emerging strategies for the microencapsulation of probiotics and highlights the key mechanisms of their stress–tolerance properties. Recent in vitro and in vivo models for evaluation of the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems are also reviewed. Encapsulation technologies are required to maintain the viability of probiotics during storage and within the human gut so as to increase their ability to colonize the colon. These technologies work by protecting the probiotics from harsh environmental conditions, as well as increasing their mucoadhesive properties. Typically, the probiotics are either embedded inside or coated with food‐grade materials such as biopolymers or lipids. In some cases, additional components may be coencapsulated to enhance their viability such as nutrients or protective agents. The importance of having suitable in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems is also emphasized.

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“…The most commonly used prebiotics include oligosaccharides, inulin, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and isomalto-oligosaccharides. These prebiotics provide additional support for probiotics [59]. An appropriate combination of probiotics and prebiotics are called synbiotics [60], which may exert superior effects on enhancing health functions.…”

Section: Carbohydrate Interaction With Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis

2020

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Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining intestinal health and are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) can interact with gut microbiota to regulate nutrient metabolism. The vagal nerve system communicates between the CNS and ENS to control gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for gut peptides that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). Gut microbiota can regulate levels of these gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. This review is mainly focused on the role of gut microbiota in neuroendocrine regulation of nutrient metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis.2 of 21 formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are related to maintaining intestinal epithelium and permeability [11]. Further, SCFAs regulate glucose and lipid metabolism as well as immune and inflammatory responses [12,13]. Hence, gut microbiota also plays an important role in immune systems, inflammation, and cancer prevention of the host [14,15]. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is reported to be involved in intestinal metabolic regulation, and enteric neurons and intestinal neurotransmitters play an important role in ENS regulation [16][17][18]. The gut contains full ENS reflex circuits, such as motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons, and these neurons transfer information between the ENS and central nervous system (CNS). The vagal nerve pathway communicates between the CNS and ENS, which has remarkable impact on regulating gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior [19,20]. Thus, the vagal nerve system is also involved in intestinal metabolic regulation through the gut-brain axis. Vagal afferent neurons express receptors for gut peptides, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and so on, which are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) [20][21][22]. When vagal afferent neurons sense these types of gut peptides, the corresponding gut information will transfer to the CNS and exert various reactions. At the same time, gut microbiota can regulate these gut peptides, such as CCK, ghrelin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1, 5-HT levels to influence vagal afferent pathway, and then regulated intestinal metabolic metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis [23][24][25].The importance of the gut-brain axis in human health and disease has been known for a long period. However, it has only been re...

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Probiotics, prebiotics, and microencapsulation: A review

Cited by 317 publications

References 169 publications

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Dietary Prebiotics and Bioactive Milk Fractions Improve NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature and Gut Microbial Alpha Diversity

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis

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