Probiotics Interact With Lipids Metabolism and Affect Gut Health

Abstract

Probiotics have attracted much attention due to their ability to modulate host intestinal microbe, participate in nutrient metabolism or immunomodulatory. Both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and bowel cancer are digestive system disease, which have become a global public health problem due to their unclear etiology, difficult to cure, and repeated attacks. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal lipid metabolism would increase the risk of intestinal inflammation. However, the link between lipid metabolism, probiotics, and IBD is unclear. In this review, we found that different lipids and their derivatives have different effects on IBD and gut microbes. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and their derivatives resolvin E1, resolvin D can inhibit oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species activate NFκB and MAPk pathway. While ω-6 PUFAs linoleic acid and arachidonic acid can be derived into leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which will aggravate IBD. Cholesterol can be converted into bile acids to promote lipid absorption and affect microbial survival and colonization. At the same time, it is affected by microbial bile salt hydrolase to regulate blood lipids. Low denstiy lipoprotein (LDL) is easily converted into oxidized LDL, thereby promoting inflammation, while high denstiy lipoprotein (HDL) has the opposite effect. Probiotics compete with intestinal microorganisms for nutrients or ecological sites and thus affect the structure of intestinal microbiota. Moreover, microbial short chain fatty acids, bile salt hydrolase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, etc. can affect lipid metabolism and IBD. In conclusion, probiotics are directly or indirectly involved in lipids metabolism and their impact on IBD, which provides the possibility to explore the role of probiotics in improving gut health.

16S rRNA and Metagenomics Combined with UPLC-Q/TOF-MS Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Radix Astragali Against Hyperuricemia in Mice

“…In the gut, bile acids are involved in lipid transport and can affect the condition of the body by modulating the gut microbiota. 38 RA upregulated the level of chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, sulfolithocholylglycine, 3a,6b,7b-Trihydroxy-5b-cholanoic acid and nutriacholic acid. Coincidentally, evidence has shown that chenodeoxycholic acid reduces liver damage by regulating inflammation.…”

Hypolipidemic mechanism of Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides in high-fat diet-induced obese mice based on metabolomics

“…Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from dietary sources ( 36 ). It has been reported that linoleic alcohol is related to atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases, being a main component of the cell plasma membrane and a precursor to fatty acids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes ( 37 ). In general, the decreased level of unsaturated fatty acids observed in this study indicated that a long-term high-fat diet might lead to hyperlipidemia, altered fatty acid metabolism, and oxidative stress reactions.…”

Maternal prebiotic supplementation impacts colitis development in offspring mice

“…Their classification into pro-inflammatory (PGE 2 , PGE 3 , LTB 4 , and LTB 5 ) and pro-resolutive (RvD1 and LxA4) mediators ( 38 ) is insufficient to explain their roles in the intestine ( 51 ), especially considering that 3-hydroxylated long-chain fatty acids (C12-, C14-, C16-, and C18-3OH) can be produced by bacteria and protect against colitis ( 52 ). The impact of these oxylipins on IBD could be greater than expected, as they can be regulated by diet and/or induce microbiota changes ( 53 , 54 ).…”