Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Guo, Qin; Goldenberg, Joshua Z.; Humphrey, Claire; Dib, Regina El; Johnston, Bradley C.

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004827.pub5

Cited by 187 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…However, if the receptor Dectin-1 was deficient, the fungal infection worsened and susceptibility to colitis increased (79). Alternatively, S. boulardii has proven effective as a probiotic to contribute to the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea through restoring the normal intestinal flora (80).…”

Section: Disorders Of Intestinal Flora Affect the Relationship Betweementioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract

et al. 2020

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The intestinal tract is the largest digestive organ in the human body. It is colonized by, and consistently exposed to, a myriad of microorganisms, including bifidobacteria, lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, enterococcus, clostridium perfringens, and pseudomonas. To protect the body from potential pathogens, the intestinal tract has evolved regional immune characteristics. These characteristics are defined by its unique structure, function, and microenvironment, which differ drastically from those of the common central and peripheral immune organs. The intestinal microenvironment created by the intestinal flora and its products significantly affects the immune function of the region. In turn, specific diseases regulate and influence the composition of the intestinal flora. A constant interplay occurs between the intestinal flora and immune system. Further, the intestinal microenvironment can be reconstructed by probiotic use or microbiota transplantation, functioning to recalibrate the immune homeostasis, while also contributing to the treatment or amelioration of diseases. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the intestinal flora and the occurrence and development of diseases as an in-turn effect on intestinal immunity. We also discuss improved immune function as it relates to non-specific and specific immunity. Further, we discuss the proliferation, differentiation and secretion of immune cells, within the intestinal region following remodeling of the microenvironment as a means to ameliorate and treat diseases. Finally, we suggest strategies for improved utilization of intestinal flora.

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Section: Disorders Of Intestinal Flora Affect the Relationship Betweementioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract

et al. 2020

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“…Two included RCTs [21,22] reported the adverse events after the use of omega-3 fatty acids, mainly diarrhea, bloating, gastric contents reflux. It be related to that after long-term or unreasonable use of antibiotics, the intestinal flora is dysfunctional, it's easy to diarrhea [33]. And it's possible that the nutrient solution temperature is too low, or with improper preparation ratio [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of acute lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Huang¹,

Zheng²,

Huang³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) with or without omega-3 fatty acids, yet the results remained inconsistent. Therefore, we attempted this meta-analysis to analyze the role of T Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of ALI patients.Methods We searched PubMed et al databases from inception date to Oct 31, 2019 for RCTs that compared the treatment of ALI with or without omega-3 fatty acids. Two authors independently screened the studies and extracted data from the published articles. Summary mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each outcome by means of fixed- or random-effects model.Results Six RCTs with a total of 277 patients were identified, with 142 with omega-3 fatty acids treatment and 135 without omega-3 fatty acids treatment. Omega-3 fatty acids treatments significantly improve the PaO2 (MD =13.82, 95%CI 8.55– 19.09), PaO2/FiO2 (MD =33.47, 95% CI 24.22– 42.72), total protein (MD =2.02, 95% CI 0.43– 3.62) in ALI patients; furthermore, Omega-3 fatty acids treatments reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation (MD =-1.72, 95% CI -2.84– -0.60) and intensive care unit stay (MD =-1.29, 95% CI -2.14– -0.43) in ALI patients.Conclusions Omega-3 fatty acids can effectively improve the respiratory function and promote the recovery of ALI patients. More studies focused on the long-term efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids use for ALI are needed.

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“…Antibiotics administration can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and for this reason de-escalation of antibiotics is extremely important. Several studies have investigated how probiotic administration could prevent AAD and CDI due to its capability of providing a gut barrier and restoring the gut microbiota [37].…”

Section: First Step: Conscientious Use Of Antibiotics and Role Of Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Management Guidelines for Clostridioides difficile in Paediatrics

et al. 2020

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Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile, causes infections (CDI) varying from self-limited diarrhoea to severe conditions, including toxic megacolon and bowel perforation. For this reason, a prompt diagnosis is fundamental to early treatment and the prevention of transmission. The aim of this article is to review diagnostic laboratory methods that are now available to detect C. difficile and to discuss the most recent recommendations on CDI treatment in children. Currently, there is no consensus on the best method for detecting C. difficile. Indeed, none of the available diagnostics possess at the same time high sensitivity and specificity, low cost and rapid turnaround times. Appropriate therapy is targeted according to age, severity and recurrence of the episode of infection, and the recent availability of new antibiotics opens new opportunities. De-escalation of antibiotics that are directly associated with CDI remains a priority and the cautious use of probiotics is recommended. Vancomycin represents the first-line therapy for CDI, although in children metronidazole can still be used as a first-line drug. Fidaxomicin is a new treatment option with equivalent initial response rates as vancomycin but lower relapse rates of CDI. Faecal microbiota transplantation should be considered for patients with multiple recurrences of CDI. Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines seem to represent a future perspective against CDI. However, only further studies will permit us to understand whether these new approaches could be effective in therapy and prevention of CDI in paediatric populations.

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Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Cited by 187 publications

References 120 publications

Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract

Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract

Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of acute lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Updated Management Guidelines for Clostridioides difficile in Paediatrics

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