Probiotics and Prebiotics for Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

Ahanchian, Hamid; Jafari, Seyed Ali

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802189-7.00042-3

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Moreover, the prebiotic and probiotic groups were less vulnerable to infection with viral respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, the episodes induced by rhinovirus were significantly higher in the placebo group compared to the probiotics and prebiotics groups [ 150 ].…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

et al. 2022

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Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant’s early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors.

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Section: Breastfeeding and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

et al. 2022

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“…Numerous studies have focused on modulation of the gut microbiota and its impact on upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) resulting in three meta-analyses reporting that probiotics can reduce severity and duration of illness (40)(41)(42) , with similar findings for synbiotics (43) . Mechanistically, modulation of the gut microbiota has been demonstrated to increase positive bacteria whilst enhancing the activities of cytotoxic T-cells and Tsuppressor cells (44)(45)(46) or through supporting natural killer cell activity (47) . To illustrate this, De Vrese et al (45) explored the use of probiotics in healthy adults aged 18-67 years.…”

Section: Aspects Of Gut Microbiota Modulation Related To Respiratory Infection and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SCFA have been observed to bind to free fatty acid receptors, which are highly expressed by immune function cells. Subsequently, SCFA have been observed to promote the development of naive CD4 þ T-cells into regulatory T-cells (76) and enhance cytotoxic T-cell, T-suppressor cell, CD8 þ T-cell and natural killer cells activities (44,47,77) . Moreover, SCFA are involved in enhancing the immune response to pathogens via IL-18, defensins and toll-like receptors (78,79) .…”

Section: Aspects Of Gut Microbiota Modulation Related To Respiratory Infection and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms linking the human gut microbiome to prophylactic and treatment strategies for COVID-19

2020

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The recent COVID-19 pandemic has altered the face of biology, social interaction and public health worldwide. It has had a destructive effect upon millions of people and is approaching a devastating one million fatalities. Emerging evidence has suggested a link between the infection and gut microbiome status. This is one of several factors that may contribute towards severity of infection. Given the fact that the gut is heavily linked to immunity, inflammatory status and the ability to challenge pathogens, it is worthwhile to consider dietary intervention of the gut microbiota as means of potentially challenging the viral outcome. In this context, probiotics and prebiotics have been used to mitigate similar respiratory infections. Here, we summarise links between the gut microbiome and COVID-19 infection, as well as propose mechanisms whereby probiotic and prebiotic interventions may act.

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“…Evidence supports the use of oral immunobiotics as it increases resistance against respiratory viral infections. 36 conclusIon Recurrent URTIs are indeed a significant concern in children. Recurrent URTIs involve three and more episodes of infection in 6 months or 6-8 episodes of established acute infections in a year.…”

Section: Experts' Opinionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Approach for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Children: Report from an Expert Closed-group Discussion

Nagaraju¹,

Shah²,

Ganapathy³

et al. 2022

Pediatric Infectious Disease

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Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are one of the most common infections in childhood. Due to the weaning of maternal immunity during the first year of life and relative immaturity of the immune system, children in the age group of 6 months to 6 years are predisposed to RTIs. Several guidelines are available from western countries on the diagnosis and management of RRTIs. However, owing to the economic, nutritional, environmental, geographic, and social diversity of India, the practical approach to RRTIs, especially, the recurrent URTIs, is likely to differ warranting the need for local guidelines. This expert consensus offers a practical guide for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of recurrent URTIs in pediatric outpatient settings in India.

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Probiotics and Prebiotics for Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections

Cited by 8 publications

References 55 publications

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects

Mechanisms linking the human gut microbiome to prophylactic and treatment strategies for COVID-19

Practical Approach for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Children: Report from an Expert Closed-group Discussion

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