Probiotics and Prebiotics as a Strategy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, a Narrative Review

Castillo, Valentina; Figueroa, Fernanda; González-Pizarro, Karoll; Jopia, Paz; Ibacache-Quiroga, Claudia

doi:10.3390/foods10081719

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 114 publications

(208 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, results were reproduced in individuals with obesity and obesityrelated disorders [198,199,202,203]. Translating the evidence from these researches, it can now be assumed that prebiotics and probiotics are capable of regulating the metabolism also of NAFLD subjects [204][205][206][207][208][209]. For example, studies conducted to identify the effect of novel probiotics on NAFLD induced by a fructose-rich diet underlined the ability of intestinal flora to improve OS.…”

Section: Modulation Of Gut-liver Axis: Effects On Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 92%

Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Smirne

Croce

Benedetto

et al. 2022

Livers

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. This review highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well. In the near future, precision medicine taking into consideration genetic or environmental epigenetic risk factors, coupled with new OS biomarkers, will likely assist in noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD progression and in further personalizing treatments.

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Section: Modulation Of Gut-liver Axis: Effects On Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 92%

Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Smirne

Croce

Benedetto

et al. 2022

Livers

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“…The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and a mixture of both known as synbiotics have shown some positive outcomes in terms of treating liver diseases [ 134 ]. Probiotics can be found in fermented products such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and tempeh.…”

Section: Therapeutic Gut–microbiome Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust Your Gut: The Association of Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease

et al. 2022

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The gut microbiota composition is important for nutrient metabolism, mucosal barrier function, immunomodulation, and defense against pathogens. Alterations in the gut microbiome can disturb the gut ecosystem. These changes may lead to the loss of beneficial bacteria or an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, these have been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Pathologies of the liver, such as non-alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis have all been linked to changes in the gut microbiome composition. There is substantial evidence that links gut dysbiosis to the progression and complications of these pathologies. This review article aimed to describe the changes seen in the gut microbiome in liver diseases and the association between gut dysbiosis and liver disease, and finally, explore treatment options that may improve gut dysbiosis in patients with liver disease.

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“…However, there are no medications that have been approved for the treatment of NAFLD, despite many clinical trials being conducted. Recently, using probiotics has been considered a potential approach for preventing and improving NAFLD [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactobacillus sakei MJM60958 as a Potential Probiotic Alleviated Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Modulating Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota

Nguyen

Werlinger

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease with a rapidly increasing number of cases worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus sakei MJM60958 (MJM60958) on NAFLD in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro tests, MJM60958 significantly inhibited lipid accumulation by 46.79% in HepG2 cells stimulated with oleic acid and cholesterol (OA-C). Moreover, MJM60958 showed safe and probiotic characteristics in vitro. In the animal study, MJM60958 administration in a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mouse model significantly reduced body weight and liver weight, and controlled aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), triglyceride (TG), urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) levels in the blood, which are features of NAFLD. Further, treatment with MJM60958 also reduced steatosis scores in liver tissues, serum leptin and interleukin, and increased serum adiponectin content. Moreover, administration of MJM60958 resulted in a significantly decreased expression of some genes and proteins which are related to lipid accumulation, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and also upregulated genes and protein expression of lipid oxidation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A). Administration of MJM60958 increased the relative abundance of specific microbial taxa such as Verrucomicrobia, which are abundant in non-NAFLD mice, and reduced Firmicutes, which are a major group in NAFLD mice. MJM60958 affected the modulation of gut microbiota and altered the strain profile of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in the cecum by reduced lactic acid and enhanced acetic acid production. Overall, MJM60958 showed potential as a probiotic that can prevent and treat NAFLD.

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Probiotics and Prebiotics as a Strategy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, a Narrative Review

Cited by 18 publications

References 114 publications

Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Oxidative Stress in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Trust Your Gut: The Association of Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease

Lactobacillus sakei MJM60958 as a Potential Probiotic Alleviated Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Modulating Lipid Metabolism, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota

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