Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective

Meningoencephalitis Associated With Carnobacterium maltaromaticum–Like Bacteria in Stranded Juvenile Salmon Sharks (Lamna ditropis)

“…11,20 Some species of Carnobacterium are known to produce bacteriocins, proteins that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria, and this property has led to continuing interest and use of Carnobacterium species as probiotics in aquaculture and food preservation. 4,9,11,13,14,18 Despite their role as normal flora and the protective effects of some bacteriocin-producing strains, some Carnobacterium species, particularly C. maltaromaticum, have been associated with morbidity and mortality in a variety of fish species. 1,5 Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged with C. maltaromaticum (previously C. piscicola) died within 5 to 9 days of exposure with histological evidence of hepatic necrosis and encephalitis.…”

Effects of dietary protein levels on the disease resistance, immune function and physical barrier function in the gill of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) after challenged with Flavobacterium columnare

“…The immune function of fish primarily depends on the immune response, which is closely correlated with antibacterial compounds such as LA, ACP, complements and antimicrobial peptides [10,60]. According to Chen et al [7], the gill immune function of grass carp is enhanced with an increase in LA and ACP activities and C3 content and the up-regulation of LEAP-2 and Hepcidin mRNA levels.…”

“…According to one report, antibacterial compounds and cytokines play crucial roles in the immune responses of fish [10]. The transcription levels of cytokines in humans are mediated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) [11] and target of rapamycin (TOR) [12] signalling pathways.…”

Optimal dietary protein level improved growth, disease resistance, intestinal immune and physical barrier function of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…In fish, the function of the intestinal immune barriers mainly depends on the immune response, which is closely related to antibacterial compounds and cytokines [2,9]. It has been reported that the production of cytokines could be modulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) [10] and target of rapamycin (TOR) [11] in humans.…”