Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition

Khalighi, Amir Reza; Behdani, Reza; Kouhestani, Shabnam

doi:10.5772/63646

Cited by 50 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…After many years of controversy regarding the classification, today, the term lactic acid bacteria is commonly used to refer to two phylogenetically distant bacterial groups: a) Lactobacillales (Firmicutes), and b) Bifidobacteriales (Actinobacteria) [5] .…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Proteomic studies on lactic acid bacteria: A review

Vinusha

Deepika

Johnson

et al. 2018

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

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Probiotics are amongst the most common microbes in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Prominent among probiotics are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. They offer wide-ranging health promoting benefits to the host which include reduction in pathological alterations, stimulation of mucosal immunity and interaction with mediators of inflammation among others. Proteomics plays a vital role in understanding biological functions of a cell. Proteomics is also slowly and steadily adding to the existing knowledge on role of probiotics. In this paper, the proteomics of probiotics, with special reference to lactic acid bacteria is reviewed with a view to understand i) proteome map, ii) mechanism of adaptation to harsh gut environment such as low pH and bile acid, iii) role of cell surface proteins in adhering to intestinal epithelial cells, and iv) as a tool to answer basic cell functions. We have also reviewed various analytical methods used to carry out proteome analysis, in which 2D-MS and LC-MS/MS approaches were found to be versatile methods to perform high-throughput sample analyses even for a complex gut samples. Further, we present future road map of understanding gut microbes combining meta-proteomics, meta-genomics, meta-transcriptomics and -metabolomics.

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Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Proteomic studies on lactic acid bacteria: A review

Vinusha

Deepika

Johnson

et al. 2018

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

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“…The probiotics are known to act against CDI through different bacterial antagonistic mechanisms, such as competition for adhesion to intestinal mucosa, producing antimicrobial molecules, modulation of intestinal inflammation, reduction of toxicity caused by C. difficile, and inhibition of C. difficile spores (48). Some compounds produced by probiotic bacteria, such as metabolites, organic acids, and bacteriocins, may also contribute to the antimicrobial activity against enteropathogens (49). Enterococcus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Infant Feces Inhibits Toxigenic Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile

et al. 2020

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Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection is implicated as a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitals worldwide. Probiotics, especially lactic acid bacteria, are the most frequently used alternative treatment. This study aims to identify potential probiotic enterococci strains that act against C. difficile strains and exert a protective effect on colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29 cells). To this end, nine Enterococcus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants were investigated. They were identified as E. faecalis by 16s rRNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF. The probiotic properties including their viabilities in simulated gastrointestinal condition, cell adhesion ability, and their safety were evaluated. All strains exhibited more tolerance toward both pepsin and bile salts and adhered more tightly to HT-29 cells compared with the reference probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results exhibited that six of nine strains carried at least one virulence determinant gene; however, none exhibited virulence phenotypes or carried transferable antibiotic resistance genes. These strains did not infect Galleria mellonella when compared to pathogenic E. faecalis strain (p < 0.05). Moreover, their antibacterial activities against C. difficile were examined using agar well-diffusion, spore production, and germination tests. The six safe strains inhibited spore germination (100-98.20% ± 2.17%) and sporulation, particularly in C. difficile ATCC 630 treated with E. faecalis PK 1302. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assay showed that the cytopathic effects of C. difficile of HT-29 cells were reduced by the treatment with the cell-free supernatant of E. faecalis strains. These strains prevented rounding of HT-29 cells and preserved the F-actin microstructure and tight junctions between adjacent cells, which indicated their ability to reduce the clostridial cytopathic effects. Thus, the study identified six E. faecalis isolates that have anti-C. difficile activity. These could be promising probiotics with potential applications in the prevention of C. difficile colonization and treatment of C. difficile infection.

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“…All potentially included title and abstracts progressed to full-text review. For each potential study, a reviewer examined eligibility criteria and extracted data on the following: study design; disease condition of target population (eg, ICU, mechanically ventilated), intervention including the number and type of probiotic strains, 20 whether the intervention was delivered in the context of a synbiotic, and mode of delivery; comparison treatment; and outcomes reported. Eligibility and data extraction were confirmed by a second reviewer, with questions and discrepancies determined by consensus or a third reviewer.…”

Section: Study Selection and Data Chartingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Probiotics in Conditions or Infections Similar to COVID-19 on Health Outcomes: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review

Rozga

Cheng

Handu

2021

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

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Probiotics have been suggested as a potential intervention for improving outcomes, particularly ventilatory-associated pneumonia, in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, with the rapid development of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is little direct evidence available in infected patients. The objective of this scoping review is to examine the availability and nature of literature describing the effect of probiotics in adults with conditions or infections similar to COVID-19 infection on related health outcomes. MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Databases were searched for studies published from 1999 to May 1, 2020, examining the effect of probiotics in conditions applicable to individuals infected with COVID-19, including, but not limited to, other forms of coronavirus, critical illness, and mechanical ventilation. The databases search identified 1925 unique articles, 77 full-text articles were reviewed, and 48 studies were included in this scoping review, including 31 primary studies and 17 systematic reviews. Primary studies examined a range of interventions that varied by probiotic diversity and types, including 8 studies that focused on synbiotics, which include both pre-and probiotics. Several systematic reviews examined the effect of probiotics on ventilator-associated pneumonia and other infections. Although most systematic reviews concluded probiotics may improve these outcomes, most systematic review authors concluded that the evidence was low in quality and high in heterogeneity. In the absence of direct evidence with patients infected with COVID-19, studies in comparable populations are currently the best resource to guide probiotics interventions in conjunction with clinical expertise and multidisciplinary health care planning.

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Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Mode of Action and Role in Human Nutrition

Cited by 50 publications

References 71 publications

RETRACTED: Proteomic studies on lactic acid bacteria: A review

RETRACTED: Proteomic studies on lactic acid bacteria: A review

Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Infant Feces Inhibits Toxigenic Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile

Effects of Probiotics in Conditions or Infections Similar to COVID-19 on Health Outcomes: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review

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