Probiotic characteristics and zearalenone-removal ability of a Bacillus licheniformis strain

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, which is one of the main animal feed contaminants causing reproductive disorders in livestock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic characteristics and ZEN removal ability of a Bacillus licheniformis strain CK1. The probiotic properties, including acidic tolerance, bile salt tolerance, adherence capability, and anti-pathogenic activities of CK1 were evaluated. CK1 survived after incubation at pH 2.0 or 3.0 for 3 h, grew well in LB broth containing 0.3% oxgall, possessed adherence capability to Caco-2 cells, and inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The ZEN removal ability of CK1 was compared with a mineral mycotoxin-adsorbing agent, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), and a well-characterized biological mycotoxin-adsorbing agent, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). At 37°C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0) containing 5 μg mL-1 of ZEN, the ZEN removal percentage of CK1 was 73.0%, which was significantly higher than that of HSCAS and LGG (45.9% and 48.4%, respectively). In the pH range of 2.5–8.0, CK1 removed up to 65% of ZEN. At temperatures between 4 and 42°C, CK1 removed more than 75% of ZEN. In the adsorption stability analysis, the amounts of ZEN removed by CK1 was over 30% even after five consecutive rounds of washing procedures. These findings demonstrated that CK1 displayed probiotic characteristics and removed ZEN effectively. Therefore, CK1 has a great potential for the development of feed additive to remove ZEN.

Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From the Gastrointestinal Tract of a Wild Boar as Potential Probiotics

“…This is the first report, to our best knowledge, to evaluate the probiotic characteristics of the LAB strains isolated from wild boar. The bile salt in the duodenum and the acid condition of the stomach has been reported as the biggest obstacles to the survival of LAB in the GI tract of host (44). In the study, the different levels of resistance to bile salt of five isolates may depend on the expression of bile resistance-related proteins in the LAB cells (45).…”

The Protective Role of Bacillus velezensis A2 on the Biochemical and Hepatic Toxicity of Zearalenone in Mice

“…Many microorganisms capable of degrading mycotoxins have been identified in the field of detoxification of mycotoxins. For instance, it has been confirmed that in the process of mycotoxin decontamination, the microbial cell wall has a good adsorption effect on ZEN (such as yeast [ 36 ], Lactobacillus plantarum [ 22 ]), and the microbial secretase has an efficient degradation effect on ZEN (such as Bacillus subtilis [ 24 ], Bacillus licheniformis [ 37 ], Bacillus amyloliquefaciens [ 38 ], and Rhodococcus pyridinivorans K408 [ 39 ]). In the pre-test of the ZEN detoxification study, we isolated and identified a new bacterial strain ( Bacillus velezensis A2) for the ZEN decontamination strategy [ 29 ].…”

Fusarium Head Blight, Mycotoxins and Strategies for Their Reduction

“…ZEA reduction by Bacillus licheniformis strain CK1 was over 70% (with 5 µg ml −1 ) at 37 • C and pH 7.0, and strain CK1 removed more than 65% of ZEA in the pH range 2.5-8.0 or at temperatures from 4 to 42 • C. After five washes, CK1 cells retained over 30% of the initially bound ZEA. These results indicate that CK1 effectively removed ZEA and for these reasons may be recommended as a future feed additive to reduce or eliminate this mycotoxin [237]. It should be noted that toxin concentration reduction by means of microbiological binding can highly vary and depends on the strain of the microorganism and the physiological state of cells [203], as well as on environmental conditions [229].…”