“…Although originally used mainly at the introductory level, CIs have increasingly been developed for more advanced-level topics in the molecular life sciences (Smith et al, 2008;Shi et al, 2010;Bretz and Linenberger, 2012;Couch et al, 2015;McFarland et al, 2017). The shortcomings of CIs have been documented when used simply as multiple-choice pre-and posttests (Coppola and Krajcik, 2014), and the nature and order of the questions has been shown to activate different levels of learning (McClary and Talanquer, 2011;Warfa and Odowa, 2015;Undersander et al, 2017). However, they are more likely to probe deep understanding than other types of assessment applied to large groups (Xu et al, 2017) and can be adapted to be more open-ended and, hence, more informative (Dood et al, 2018).…”