Probing the influence of cold wire gas tungsten arc welding current waveforms on the aluminum-steel joining

Non-invasive optical characterization and estimation of Zn porosity in gas tungsten arc welding of Fe–Al joints using CR model and OES measurements

“…When the input waveform varies during the negative pulse period of each waveform, the electrode switches to the cathode, causing a stream of electrons to begin flowing through the arc and increasing the heat produced at the workpiece. This is the highest in the case of the triangle waveform because it generates the highest peak current compared to other waveforms, as we previously reported [8]. Due to Zn higher work function and lower melting point as compared to Al and Fe, as well as the increase in energy with high arc force, there is an increase in the Zn population at the workpiece.…”

“…In our earlier investigation for heat generation with waveform variation, arc images indicate that the most intense arc occurs during the negative cycle of the triangle waveform, followed by the sine and square waveforms as shown in figures S1(a)-(c) of the supplementary document [8]. A similar trend can be seen in the extracted n n Zn Ar / population ratio, with the triangle waveform having the most Zn population and the square waveform having the least Zn population.…”

“…It is observed that the triangle waveform achieves the highest T e value while the square waveform achieves the lowest. The authors previously investigated the influence of various waveforms in the GTAW process [8]. They reported an overall rise in heat input for the triangle waveform than for the sine and square waveforms for a similar experimental setup.…”

“…One solution that has gained popularity is the use of Fe-Al weld joints, or hybrid material joints, which can reduce the overall weight of products while maintaining strength and durability. These joints can be produced using various welding processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding [5][6][7][8].…”

Formation and Evolution Mechanism of Intermetallic Compounds of Friction Stir Lap Welded Steel/Aluminum Joints

“…The steel–aluminum composite structure can not only consider the lightweight and cost requirements but also give play to the strength advantages of high-strength steel and the weight reduction and energy absorption advantages of aluminum alloy [ 2 ]. Although there are many methods used to connect aluminum alloy to steel, including MIG arc brazing [ 3 ], laser welding [ 4 ], self-stamping riveting [ 5 ], and other technologies, to further improve the reliability of aluminum steel joints, the solid-state welding method of friction stir welding (FSW) is preferred [ 6 ].…”