Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation

Neri, Peter; Parker, Andrew; Blakemore, Colin

doi:10.1038/44409

Cited by 129 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Complex cells do show disparity tuning for AC-RDS, but with reduced amplitude (Cumming & Parker, 1997;Ohzawa et al, 1997). With a completely separate experimental approach, Neri et al (1999) found that disparity-specific psychophysical "filters" derived from human observers also show an attenuated response for anticorrelated stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A simple model accounts for the response of disparity-tuned V1 neurons to anticorrelated images

2002

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Disparity-tuned cells in primary visual cortex (VI) are thought to play a significant role in the processing of stereoscopic depth. The disparity-specific responses of these neurons have been previously described by an energy model based on local, feedforward interactions. This model fails to predict the response to binocularly anticorrelated stimuli, in which images presented to left and right eyes have opposite contrasts. The original energy model predicts that anticorrelation should invert the disparity tuning curve (phase difference pi), with no change in the amplitude of the response. Experimentally, the amplitude tends to be reduced with anticorrelated stimuli and a spread of phase differences is observed, although phase differences near pi are the most common. These experimental observations could potentially reflect a modulation of the V1 signals by feedback from higher visual areas (because anticorrelated stimuli create a weaker or nonexistent stereoscopic depth sensation). This hypothesis could explain the effects on amplitude, but the spread of phase differences is harder to understand. Here, we demonstrate that changes in both amplitude and phase can be explained by a straightforward modification of the energy model that involves only local processing. Input from each eye is passed through a monocular simple cell, incorporating a threshold, before being combined at a binocular simple cell that feeds into the energy computation. Since this local feedforward model can explain the responses of complex cells to both correlated and anticorrelated stimuli, there is no need to invoke any influence of global stereoscopic matching.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A simple model accounts for the response of disparity-tuned V1 neurons to anticorrelated images

2002

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“…Although the energy-neuron model can easily be extended in order to suppress responses to aRDSs (Lippert et al 2000;Lippert and Wagner 2001), it is instructive to evaluate the representation of aRDS disparity in populations of the standard model neuron. This allows a test of the necessity of the postulation of high-level disparity detectors that do not respond to aRDSs (Cumming and Parker 1997;Neri et al 1999;Nieder and Wagner 2001). The disparity represented by energy neurons should have phase with a sign opposite to the stimulus disparity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual depth encoding in populations of neurons with localized receptive fields

Lippert¹,

Wagner²

2002

Biological Cybernetics

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Stereopsis is the ability to perceive three-dimensional structure from disparities between the two-dimensional retinal images. Although disparity-sensitive neurons have been proposed as a neural representation of this ability many years ago, it is still difficult to link all qualities of stereopsis to properties of the neural correlate of binocular disparities. The present study wants to support efforts directed at closing the gap between electrophysiology and psychophysics. Populations of disparity-sensitive neurons in V1 were simulated using the energy-neuron model. Responses to different types of stimuli were evaluated with an efficient statistical estimator and related to psychophysical findings. The representation of disparity in simulated population responses appeared to be very robust. Small populations allowed good depth discrimination. Two types of energy neurons (phase- and position-type models) that are discussed as possible neural implementations of disparity-selectivity could be compared to each other. Phase-type coding was more robust and could explain a tendency towards zero disparity in degenerated stimuli and, for high-pass stimuli, exhibited the breakdown of disparity discrimination at a maximum disparity value. Contrast-inverted stereograms led to high variances in disparity representation, which is a possible explanation of the absence of depth percepts in large contrast-inverted stimuli. Our study suggests that nonlocal interactions destroy depth percepts in large contrast-inverted stereograms, although these percepts occur for smaller stimuli of the same class.

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“…Anticorrelation has been shown to disrupt static disparity mechanisms (Cogan et al 1995;Cumming et al 1998;Neri et al 1999), while maintaining monocular velocity information (Harris and Rushton 2003) and thus retaining IOVDs in the presence of greatly degraded disparity-based signals. In addition, our group has previously used sparse, anticorrelated dot displays to isolate the contribution of the IOVD cue (Rokers et al 2008(Rokers et al , 2009.…”

Section: Motion Cue Conditions: Full Iovd and CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed and Eccentricity Tuning Reveal a Central Role for the Velocity-Based Cue to 3D Visual Motion

Czuba¹,

Rokers

Huk

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Two binocular cues are thought to underlie the visual perception of three-dimensional (3D) motion: a disparity-based cue, which relies on changes in disparity over time, and a velocity-based cue, which relies on interocular velocity differences. The respective building blocks of these cues, instantaneous disparity and retinal motion, exhibit very distinct spatial and temporal signatures. Although these two cues are synchronous in naturally moving objects, disparity-based and velocity-based mechanisms can be dissociated experimentally. We therefore investigated how the relative contributions of these two cues change across a range of viewing conditions. We measured direction-discrimination sensitivity for motion though depth across a wide range of eccentricities and speeds for disparity-based stimuli, velocity-based stimuli, and "full cue" stimuli containing both changing disparities and interocular velocity differences. Surprisingly, the pattern of sensitivity for velocity-based stimuli was nearly identical to that for full cue stimuli across the entire extent of the measured spatiotemporal surface and both were clearly distinct from those for the disparity-based stimuli. These results suggest that for direction discrimination outside the fovea, 3D motion perception primarily relies on the velocity-based cue with little, if any, contribution from the disparity-based cue.

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Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation

Cited by 129 publications

References 18 publications

A simple model accounts for the response of disparity-tuned V1 neurons to anticorrelated images

A simple model accounts for the response of disparity-tuned V1 neurons to anticorrelated images

Visual depth encoding in populations of neurons with localized receptive fields

Speed and Eccentricity Tuning Reveal a Central Role for the Velocity-Based Cue to 3D Visual Motion

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