Diatomic ligands in hemoproteins and the way they bind to the active center are central to the protein's function. Using picosecond Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we probe the NO-heme recombination kinetics with direct sensitivity to the Fe-NO binding after 532-nm photoexcitation of nitrosylmyoglobin (MbNO) in physiological solutions. The transients at 70 and 300 ps are identical, but they deviate from the difference between the static spectra of deoxymyoglobin and MbNO, showing the formation of an intermediate species. We propose the latter to be a six-coordinated domed species that is populated on a timescale of ∼200 ps by recombination with NO ligands. This work shows the feasibility of ultrafast pump-probe X-ray spectroscopic studies of proteins in physiological media, delivering insight into the electronic and geometric structure of the active center.nitrosylmyoglobin | ligand binding | X-ray absorption | picosecond | pump-probe D iatomic molecules, such as CO, NO, and O 2 , are the receptors that bind to and activate heme proteins. Among them, NO has been highlighted as a key biological messenger (1) and its level controls various physiological responses, such as NO synthases, message transduction (soluble guanylyl cyclases) (2, 3), NO transport and oxidation [hemoglobin, myoglobin (Mb), and nitrophorin] (4-6), and regulation of the NO/O 2 balance (neuroglobin) (7,8). In all of these cases, the heme group that binds the NO ligand is chemically identical, and therefore, variations in the reactivity and function are thought to be closely related to the spin, electronic configuration, and geometric structure on binding (9) and/or suggestive of different steric and electronic interactions of the bound NO with neighboring protein residues (10). Consequently, there is great interest in understanding the nature of NO binding to heme proteins and its biochemical role.The binding kinetics of NO in Mb have been studied by a variety of time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Ligand dissociation from the heme iron was triggered by excitation into either the Soret or the Q bands, whereas the ensuing dynamics were probed using transient absorption (TA) in the UV visible (UVVis) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), the near IR (21-23), and the mid-IR (10, 23, 24) or by resonance Raman spectroscopy (20). For UV-Vis and near-IR TA spectroscopy, the signals are dominated by the π-orbitals of the porphyrin, whereas mid-IR TA of the NO stretch mode is sensitive to the orientation of the NO dipole. Resonance Raman spectroscopy maps several vibrational modes of the porphyrin, but most studies have focused on the important Fe-N stretch vibration (at 220 cm −1 ) with the proximal histidine (20,(25)(26)(27), which is sensitive to the position of the iron atom out of the heme plane and to the strain that the protein exerts on the heme through movements of the helices (28, 29).All of the TA studies report multiexponential recombination kinetics with time constants spanning from subpicoseconds to several hundreds of pi...