Probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Larix decidua Mill: Description and analysis of EPG waveforms

Abstract

Adelgidae are a sister group of Aphididae and Phylloxeridae within Hemiptera, Aphidoidea and occur exclusively on Pinaceae. The piercing-sucking mouthparts of Adelgidae are similar to those of aphids and it is believed that adelgids ingest sap from both the non-vascular and vascular (phloem) tissues. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the adelgid stylet activities during their penetration in plant tissues. The probing behavior of Adelges laricis Vallot (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on European larch Larix decidua Mill. and sucrose diets was monitored using the DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph technique = electropenetrography). The EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces, and associated with putative behavioral activities based on analogy with aphid activities. Waveform frequency, duration, and sequence were analysed as well. A. laricis generated EPG signals at two clearly distinct voltage levels positive and negative, suggesting extracellular and intracellular stylet penetration, respectively. The adelgid EPG patterns were ascribed to four behavioral phases, which were non-probing, pathway, phloem, and xylem phases. Non-probing referred to the position of the stylets outside the plant tissues. Pathway phase was represented by three waveform patterns that visualized extracellular stylet penetration in non-vascular tissues without potential drops (AC1), with serial short (1.2–1.5 s) potential drops (AC2), and with ‘aphid-like’ (5–10 s) potential drops (AC3). Phloem phase comprised three waveform patterns at intracellular level, which in all probability represented phloem salivation (AE1), and phloem sap passive (AE2) and active ingestion (AE3). AE3 was a newly described waveform, previously unreported from Hemiptera. Waveform AG represented the ingestion of xylem sap. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the gymnosperm-associated adelgids show certain similarities in probing behavior typical of aphids and phylloxerids on angiosperm plants. The present work is the first detailed analysis of specific adelgid stylet activities on gymnosperms.

Identification and Characterization of Resistance of Three Aphid Species on Contrasting Alfalfa Cultivars

“…An eight-channel amplifier (Eco Tech, EPG, Hoagland) simultaneously recorded electrical signals of eight individual aphids on separate plants, four resistant and four susceptible per day for five days. Waveform patterns were scored according to categories described by Dancewicz: non-penetration phase; pooled pathway phase activities; salivary secretion into sieve elements; phloem sap ingestion; xylem ingestion; and cell puncture events of several seconds duration (referred to as potential drop) [ 25 ]. The total duration of np (non-probing phase) indicates the level of plant antixenosis; the longer the duration, the stronger the antixenosis.…”

Feeding Behavior of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) on Soybean: Electrical Penetration Graph Analysis and Histological Investigations

“…EPG allows researchers to analyze various insect stylet activities within plant tissues, including stylet penetration (i.e., inter- versus intracellular), saliva secretion, sap ingestion, and cell rupture [ 14 ]. This technique has been used to evaluate the feeding behavior of many herbivorous insects within Hemiptera, such as whitefly, aphid, and psyllids (Stemorrychans) [ 8 , 15 , 16 ]; leafhoppers and planthoppers (Auchaenorrhynchans) [ 17 ]; and stink bugs (Heteropterans) [ 18 ]. In 1972, Miles proposed that all hemipterans use one of two different feeding strategies: sheath feeding and lacerate-and-flush feeding [ 19 ].…”