Probability, Populations, Phylogenetics, and Hominin
                    Speciation

Caldararo, Niccolo

doi:10.13110/humanbiology.90.2.04

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…He emphasized the contradiction of a co-adapted genetic system model of species with the genetic variability of local populations. This scenario is complicated by the fact that identification of species is a subjective process, as Caldararo pointed out in a recent paper [42]. The numerous changes in species designation of specific fossils further substantiate this.…”

Section: Gene Frequencies Speciation and Character Traitsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The lack of concern for stability in the selection and normative adaptation to environments is characteristic of all models of human evolution on which the phylogenetic relations of speciation are based. This characteristic has been widely discussed by Caldararo in a recent paper [42]; however, all the modern program algorithms used for the construction of phylogenetic trees are based on this very characteristic. For example, in a recent study of facial recognition technology, the software had significant demographic effects, mainly high reliability on African Americans and low on people of Indian subcontinent origin [43,44].…”

Section: Evolutionary Rates and Demesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent article, Caldararo [42] placed emphasis on determining the traits for differentiating hominin as species. Many people use the terms, such as primitive character or plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, derived or apomorphies, shared derived synapomorphy, uniquely derived autapomorphies, or novelties as if they identified specific items that were easily described and agreed upon [26].…”

Section: Gene Frequencies Speciation and Character Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical Variation, Hominins, Species, and Self-Domestication

Caldararo¹

2021

OBM Genet

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The evolution of hominins, members of the zoological tribe Hominini, has been a much-studied topic, and the construction of phylogenetic trees has been the key method in molecular evolutionary studies. How scientists determine the phylogenetic trees are governed by the assumptions they place on the construction of similarities and differences in morphological traits, the differences in the number of base pairs in the genomes, and the number of similar gene clusters that code for traits (haplotypes) or are error sequences (SNPs). Among the several methods employed for the construction of a phylogenetic tree, mathematical methods (utilized for sorting data, including fabrication of algorithms) are the most significant ones; also, the nature of population structuring plays an important role in the evolutionary process. In this paper, I will not only describe the drawbacks of current assumptions in hominin evolution during the Middle Pleistocene era (based on fossil evidence) but also the aspects of brain evolution and the self-domestication of our species. The evolution of the brain is usually associated with an increase in neurons and other types of cells associated with signal processing (connectivity) and memory. Assessing actual neuron counts in fossils is challenging; moreover, new research has shown decreased neuron numbers in the neocortex and demonstrated large counts in the cerebellum, leading to a decreased focus on brain size. The idea of increased brain size in the Pleistocene era without a substantial increase in the evidence of cognitive activity in complex behavior residues might be explained by increased myelination to provide additional insulation in Ice Age conditions and faster transition of signals due to increased competition for reduced food supplies. Other cold-adaptation features can also be noted. Such a model can provide a new approach to assess the apparent brain size reduction in the Upper Paleolithic period.

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Section: Gene Frequencies Speciation and Character Traitsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Evolutionary Rates and Demesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gene Frequencies Speciation and Character Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical Variation, Hominins, Species, and Self-Domestication

Caldararo¹

2021

OBM Genet

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Empirical Consideration about the Fields of Forest Education

Oishi

Inoue

2020

J. Jpn. For. Soc.

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The practice of forest education has spread, expanding the subjects of study. The concept has been organized for terms used in forest education and their definitions; but what the field of forest education covers has not been fully discussed. On the other hand, in the field of education, the basic concepts related to lifelong learning have been classified into formal, non-formal and informal learnings. This study aimed to ascertain what forest education includes based on this classification. Practices in each category were investigated by using the literature search method. The results showed that the field of forest education consists of five categories: 1) general education targeted at citizens, 2) specialized education targeted at specialists in forests and forestry, which are both formal education, 3) social education and forest extension targeted at citizens, 4) forest extension and vocational training targeted at specialists in forests and forestry, which are non-formal education, and 5) informal education including home education, targeted at citizens.

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Probability, Populations, Phylogenetics, and Hominin Speciation

Cited by 2 publications

References 213 publications

Anatomical Variation, Hominins, Species, and Self-Domestication

Anatomical Variation, Hominins, Species, and Self-Domestication

Empirical Consideration about the Fields of Forest Education

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