Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists

Nichita

et al. 2023

Gels

The present article describes novel massive materials (in the solid phase) based on TEGylated phenothiazine and chitosan that possess great capability to recover mercury ions from constituent aqueous solutions. These were produced by chitosan hydrogelation accompanied by formyl subsidiary item of TEGylated phenothiazine, attended by lyophilization. The delineation and structure description of the obtained material or supramolecular assembly were realized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and POM (Polarized Light Optical Microscopy). The morphology of their texture was kept under observation by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The obtained SEM images were evaluated by fractal analysis. The fractal parameters of interest were calculated, including the fractal dimension and lacunarity.

Section: Processing Of Experimental Results Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal Analysis of Four Xerogels Based on TEGylated Phenothiazine and Chitosan

Nichita

et al. 2023

Gels

“…The conclusive results obtained are presented in the format of a histogram in Figure 22. We thus drew a histogram graphic (a bar data representation) for the correlation dimension function versus the embedding dimension slopes [24,25], with the slopes of the calculated regression lines in the domain between the values/range [0.08, 0.32]. The carefully conducted research was carried out on 20 SEM images, microfractographs of some samples that presented either the original unmodified area or the modified area.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal Analysis and Time Series Application in ZY-4 SEM Micro Fractographies Evaluation

Pãun

2022

Fractal Fract

SEM microfractographies of Zircaloy-4 are studied by fractal analysis and the time-series method. We first develop a computer application that associates the fractal dimension and lacunarity to each SEM micrograph picture, and produce a nonlinear analysis of the data acquired from the quantitatively evaluated time series. Utilizing the phase space-embedding technique to reconstruct the attractor and to compute the autocorrelation dimension, the fracture surface of the Zircaloy-4 samples is investigated. The fractal analysis method manages to highlight damage complications and provide a description of morphological parameters of various fractures by calculating the fractal dimension and lacunarity.

“…while the density function of lognormal distribution if the random variable Y = ln(X) has a normal distribution with mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎 is given by [25] 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1 √2𝜋𝜎𝑥 𝑒 −(𝑙𝑛(𝑥)−𝜇) 2 /2𝜎 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 0, 𝑥 < 0.…”

Section: (S+1)s-2 Y(s+1)s-1 Y(s+1)smentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement Claim Reserving Insurance Contract in Accordance with IFRS 17 using Stochastic State Space Model

Ronnie Effendie,

‘Alaiyya Hayyin

2024

ITM Web Conf.

International Financial Reporting Standard 17 (IFRS 17) is a global accounting standard developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). It guides the accounting treatment of insurance contracts in financial statements. In IFRS 17, claim reserving is vital for measuring insurance contracts and determining the Contractual Service Margin (CSM). The claim reserving process involves estimating expected claim payouts over the contract’s duration. These estimates are crucial for calculating the liability for incurred claims and determining the CSM, representing unearned profit. Claim data is treated as ordered data by sorting the run-off triangle row-wise, resulting univariate time series with missing values. The state space model provides a framework for modeling time series, assuming system development over time. By taking the log of claim data so that the data is normally distributed, the lognormal state space model, along with Kalman recursion algorithms, can be applied for Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) projections. The lognormal state space model’s IBNR reserve estimate is more precise and sufficient to compensate loss than the chain ladder method. Furthermore, the performance of the lognormal state space model outperforms the chain ladder method by means of model validation using RMSE, MAE, RSE, and R2.