Probability and cost estimates for social and physical outcomes in Social Phobia and Panic Disorder

Uren, Tanya H.; Szabó, Marianna; Lovibond, Peter F.

doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(03)00028-8

Cited by 38 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For the current study, internal consistency was excellent (OPQ; α = .92–.94; OCQ; α = .89–.90). The OPQ and OCQ have been shown to have good convergent validity and individuals with social anxiety score higher on the OPQ and OCQ than non-anxious controls (Uren, Szabo, & Lovibond, 2004). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive processes as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and change in social anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavioral treatment

Morgan

Price

Schmertz

et al. 2013

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

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The present study examined whether pretreatment mindfulness exerts an indirect effect on outcomes following cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Cognitive processes of probability and cost bias (i.e., overestimations of the likelihood that negative social events will occur, and that these events will have negative consequences when they do occur) were explored as potential mediators of the relation between mindfulness and social anxiety symptom change. People with higher levels of mindfulness may be better able to benefit from treatments that reduce biases because mindfulness may aid in regulation of attention. Sixty-seven individuals with a primary diagnosis of social phobia identifying public speaking as their greatest fear received eight sessions of one of two types of exposure-based CBT delivered according to treatment manuals. Participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness, probability bias, cost bias, and social anxiety symptoms. Mediation hypotheses were assessed by a bootstrapped regression using treatment outcome data. Pretreatment mindfulness was not related to change in social anxiety symptoms from pre- to posttreatment. However, mindfulness had an indirect effect on treatment outcome via its association with probability bias, but not cost bias, at midtreatment. These findings were consistent across three metrics of social anxiety symptoms. Mindfulness may play a role in response to CBT among individuals with social phobia through its relation with probability bias – even when the treatment does not target mindfulness.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive processes as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and change in social anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavioral treatment

Morgan

Price

Schmertz

et al. 2013

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies relying on explicit ratings of hypothetical social scenarios (e.g. 'someone you are interested in dating says "Hello" to you'; Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998) find that socially anxious individuals overestimate the probability and subjective cost of negative outcomes (Foa, Franklin, Perry, & Herbert, 1996;Gilboa-Schechtman, Franklin, & Foa, 2000;Poulton & Andrews, 1996;Uren, Szabo, & Lovibond, 2004;Voncken, Bogels, & de Vries, 2003;Voncken, Bogels, & Peeters, 2007;Wilson & Rapee, 2005), while favouring negative interpretations of ambiguous social situations (Stopa & Clark, 2000). These negative explicit biases are specific to self-referential processing as the effect is absent when participants make probability ratings for a 'typical person' (Amir et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social inference and social anxiety: Evidence of a fear-congruent self-referential learning bias

Button

Browning

Munafò

2012

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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“…Individuals with social phobia view social events as more catastrophic, regardless of the valence of the event (i.e., positive or negative) or the performance dimension of the event (e.g., Foa et al, 1996;McManus et al, 2000;Smári et al, 1998;Uren et al, 2004). Research employing more unstructured assessment methods has similarly established that individuals with social phobia perceive mildly negative events as more catastrophic than do nonanxious individuals (e.g., Stopa 8c Clark, 2000).…”

Section: Cost Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a similar investigation, Uren et al (2004) had individuals with social phobia, anxious controls (i.e., individuals with panic disorder), and nonanxious controls rate the probability and cost of negative social outcomes. Results indicated that both individuals with social phobia and individuals with panic disorder rated the probability of negative social outcomes significantly higher than did controls.…”

Section: Probability and Cost Biases For Social Events In Other Anxiementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correlational analyses indicated that cost estimates for negative social outcomes were significantly related to social anxiety. Uren, Szabó, and Lovibond (2004) extended these fmdings to a clinical sample of individuals with social phobia and nonanxious controls. Individuals were asked to rate the severity 216 Nelson et al or cost of 24 hypothetical negative outcomes (12 social, 12 physical) on a Likert-type scale.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Probability and Cost Biases in Social Phobia: Nature, Specificity, and Relationship to Treatment Outcome

Nelson¹,

Lickel²,

Sy³

et al. 2010

J Cogn Psychother

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Social phobia is maintained in part by cognitive biases concerning the probability and cost of negative social events. More specifically, individuals with social phobia tend to believe that negative social events are extremely likely to occur, and that if such events were to happen, the consequences would be awful or unbearable. The aim of the present review is to critically evaluate research on the nature and specificity of probability and cost biases in social phobia. Changes in probability and cost estimates during treatment and their relationship to treatment outcome are detailed. The review concludes with a discussion of how current cognitive behavioral interventions target these biases. Directions for future research are proposed.Keywords: social phobia; cognitive biases; cognitive behavioral treatment; review T heoretical models of social phobia (e.g., Glark 8c Wells, 1995; Rapee 8c Heimberg, 1997) emphasize the importance of biased cognitive processing in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Indeed, it is thought that most fears are driven by faulty appraisals concerning the expectation or anticipation of potential future harm (e.g.. Beck, Emery, 8c Greenberg, 1985). Garr (1974) proposed that these perceptions of threat are composed of estimates of the probability of the event (i.e., the likelihood a given event will occur) and the cost of the event (i.e., the negative consequences associated with the event).Several theorists (e.g.. Beck,. 1976; Rapee 8c Heimberg, 1997) have identified mechanisms by which probability and cost biases may exert their influence. Social phobia is characterized by social fears-concerns about social embarrassment, humiliation, and subsequent rejection by others (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Beck ( 1976) suggested that cognitive biases exacerbate and perpetuate these social fears via biased processing of social information. Specifically, overestimates of the probability and cost of negative social events result in the perception of social situations as dangerous. As a result, individuals with such fears tend to be hypervigilant to cues of social rejection. Individuals with social phobia often attend to internal cues that may elicit social disapproval (e.g., sweating, blushing), thereby resulting in a failure to encode information from © the external environment (e.g., Rapee & Heimberg, 1997). As such, biased accounts of social interactions (e.g.,"I was nervous and sweating so the speech must have gone poorly") are encoded into memory. This biased information processing results in inflated estimates of the probability of negative social events, as past social encounters are viewed as failures. It also creates exaggerated cost estimates, as individuals with social phobia interpret negative social events catastrophically. In short, probability and cost biases are believed to result in greater availability of social threat information in memory, increased attentiveness to social threat cues, and inflated estimates of the probability and cost of negativ...

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Probability and cost estimates for social and physical outcomes in Social Phobia and Panic Disorder

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

Cognitive processes as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and change in social anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavioral treatment

Cognitive processes as mediators of the relation between mindfulness and change in social anxiety symptoms following cognitive behavioral treatment

Social inference and social anxiety: Evidence of a fear-congruent self-referential learning bias

Probability and Cost Biases in Social Phobia: Nature, Specificity, and Relationship to Treatment Outcome

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