“…However, the CSI of satellite terminals may not be available at the SAT due to the large distance, we will consider this case in our future work. In this setup, we adopt a stochastic model [30], [37] to characterize the CSI imperfection, thus the channel vectors can be modeled, respectively, as g p =ĝ p + ∆g p , g e =ĝ e + ∆g e , g s =ĝ s + ∆g s , (14) whereĝ p ,ĝ e andĝ s denote the imperfect channel estimate vectors, which are known to the terrestrial BS. And ∆g p , ∆g e and ∆g s denote the corresponding channel errors/uncertainties, which tend to be Gaussian random variables with zero-mean and covariance regarding ∆g p ∼ CN (0, Ω p ), ∆g e ∼ CN (0, Ω e ), ∆g s ∼ CN (0, Ω s ), where Ω p ≽ 0, Ω e ≽ 0, and Ω s ≽ 0 stand for the covariance matrices corresponding channel estimation errors.…”