Probabilistic risk assessment of water distribution system in Hyderabad, Pakistan reveals unacceptable health hazards and areas for rehabilitation

Imran, Uzma; Khan, Mehran Idris; Jamal, Rubayat; Sahulka, Sierra Quinn; Goel, Ramesh; Mahar, Rasool Bux; Weidhaas, Jennifer

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110233

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…To estimate the non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to water polluted with trace elements, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated for each trace element as shown in Eq. 5 [18,25]. (5) ...where R f D is the reference dose for oral and dermal exposure routes [26].…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variability of Heavy Metals in Manchar Lake of Arid Southern Pakistan and Its Consequential Human Health Risk

Imran¹,

Mahar²,

Ullah³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Water pollution related to trace elements has emerged as a worldwide concern owing to their increasing concentration and damages to the aquatic ecosystems. The water ecosystem of Manchar Lake situated in the arid region of Pakistan has also been degraded and posing a severe health risk to the dependent communities. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variability in the influx of trace elements (As, Cd, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) into the lake during premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and its consequential health risks. The highest mean concentrations (µg/l) of As (43.2), Cr(III) (101.4), Zn (41), Cu (43.12), Fe (318), Cd (18.5), Mn (27.2), Ni (99.7), Pb (65.91) and Hg (6.8) have been observed in pre-monsoon and Cr(VI) (0.2) in monsoon seasons. The elements exceeding safe limits in pre-monsoon season are As, Cd, Cr(III), Hg, Ni, and Pb, while in monsoon season As, Cd, Ni, and Pb exceed the limit. Evaluation of the degree of contamination depicted high levels of pollution in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons and the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index indicated a high level of pollution in pre-monsoon, medium in monsoon, and low in the postmonsoon season. The study revealed that oral consumption of lake water potentially causes carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. However, potential dermal related health risks associated with these metals concentrations in water are within the tolerable ranges. The findings of this study suggest prompt actions to control these pollutants influx into the lake.

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Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variability of Heavy Metals in Manchar Lake of Arid Southern Pakistan and Its Consequential Human Health Risk

Imran¹,

Mahar²,

Ullah³

et al. 2020

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…cholerae has been done by utilizing molecular based detection to assess the burden of Cholera. The outbreaks of cholera in Pakistan could be attributed to the poor sanitation/environmental condition as seen in typhoid outbreaks in Hyderabad [ 33 ], and also usage of contaminated water or consumption of unhygienic/contaminated food [ 34 ]. In this study high frequency of toxigenic cholera has been showed in Karachi city waste water, and it has been speculated that as Karachi is a metropolitical city where there is poor sanitation system [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan

et al. 2021

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Background Pakistan has been experiencing intervals of sporadic cases and localized outbreaks in the last two decades. No proper study has been carried out in order to find out the environmental burden of toxigenic V. cholerae as well as how temporal and environmental factors associated in driving cholera across the country. Methods We tested waste water samples from designated national environment surveillance sites in Pakistan with RT-PCR assay. Multistage sampling technique were utilized for samples collection and for effective sample processing Bag-Mediated Filtration system, were employed. Results were analysed by district and month wise to understand the geographic distribution and identify the seasonal pattern of V. cholera detection in Pakistan. Results Between May 2019, and February 2020, we obtained and screened 160 samples in 12 districts across Pakistan. Out of 16 sentinel environmental surveillance sites, 15 sites showed positive results against cholera toxigenic gene with mostly lower CT value (mean, 34±2) and have significant difference (p < 0.05). The highest number of positive samples were collected from Sindh in month of November, then in June it is circulating in different districts of Pakistan including four Provinces respectively. Conclusion V. cholera detection do not follow a clear seasonal pattern. However, the poor sanitation problems or temperature and rainfall may potentially influence the frequency and duration of cholera across the country. Occurrence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the environment samples showed that cholera is endemic, which is an alarming for a potential future cholera outbreaks in the country.

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“…Though unlikely, in developing countries, residents in remote and rural areas may directly use such kinds of water for drinking purposes. 10 There was no noncarcinogenic risk detected in people swimming in the Esil river and its tributaries (HI < 1). The variation of risk values between the two scenarios could be explained by not only the exposure parameters but also the HMs' concentrations as input variables, i.e., the average values of HMs during the summer stayed at lower concentration levels in comparison to those of the whole period (in Table S9).…”

Section: Seasonal Variations Of Heavy Metals In the Figurementioning

confidence: 94%

Trace Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Water Bodies in Central Asia: Its Distribution, Source Detection, and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment for Recreational and Household Use of Water

Bahetnur

Lee

2023

ACS EST Water

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Water scarcity, security, and deterioration of water quality have been serious environmental issues in Central Asia. This study has investigated the contamination of the Esil river, the only transboundary river originating in Kazakhstan, and implemented the human health risk assessment of heavy metals (HMs; Cd, Pb, Cr(VI), and As) in its relevant 15 surface water bodies. HM concentrations in 2893 water samples were measured over 6 years (2014–2019). The river’s water quality was classified between “marginal” and “good,” but nine sites revealed worsened quality during the period. The monitored HMs’ median concentrations followed a decreasing order of Cr(VI) (0.0015 mg/L) = As (0.0015 mg/L) > Pb (0.0009 mg/L) > Cd (0.00005 mg/L). Human-induced behaviors, especially industrial activities, were observed to influence the water quality negatively. Due to the growth of cities, municipal wastes and the release of pollutants during construction activities were potential origins of HMs, too. Two exposure scenarios for the human health risk assessment were investigated: the risks from a recreational activity scenario were acceptable, but concerning values were obtained from a household use scenario, including seven sites with hazard index (HI) > 1 and a maximum cancer risk of 7.22 × 10–4.

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Probabilistic risk assessment of water distribution system in Hyderabad, Pakistan reveals unacceptable health hazards and areas for rehabilitation

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Seasonal Variability of Heavy Metals in Manchar Lake of Arid Southern Pakistan and Its Consequential Human Health Risk

Seasonal Variability of Heavy Metals in Manchar Lake of Arid Southern Pakistan and Its Consequential Human Health Risk

Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan

Trace Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Water Bodies in Central Asia: Its Distribution, Source Detection, and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment for Recreational and Household Use of Water

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