Probabilistic data structures in smart city: Survey, applications, challenges, and research directions

Abstract

With the commencement of new technologies like IoT and the Cloud, the sources of data generation have increased exponentially. The use and processing of this generated data have motivated and given birth to many other domains. The concept of a smart city has also evolved from making use of this data in decision-making in the various aspects of daily life and also improvement in the traditional systems. In smart cities, various technologies work collaboratively; they include devices used for data collection, processing, storing, retrieval, analysis, and decision making. Big data storage, retrieval, and analysis play a vital role in smart city applications. Traditional data processing approaches face many challenges when dealing with such voluminous and high-speed generated data, such as semi-structured or unstructured data, data privacy, security, real-time responses, and so on. Probabilistic Data Structures (PDS) has been evolved as a potential solution for many applications in smart cities to complete this tedious task of handling big data with real-time response. PDS has been used in many smart city domains, including healthcare, transportation, the environment, energy, and industry. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of PDS and its applications in the domains of smart cities. The prominent domain of the smart city has been explored in detail; origin, current research status, challenges, and existing application of PDS along with research gaps and future directions. The foremost aim of this paper is to provide a detailed survey of PDS in smart cities; for readers and researchers who want to explore this field; along with the research opportunities in the domains.

Anomalous vehicle recognition in smart cities using persistent bloom filter: Memory efficient and intelligent monitoring

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a significant surge in personal vehicle usage, with individuals relying on their cars for various purposes such as commuting, daily chores, office attendance, and business activities. 6 This increased vehicular activity has, in turn, led to a rise in traffic violations and road accidents. The primary culprits behind these accidents and violations are often attributed to aggressive driving behaviors and human errors.…”

“…Many researchers have discussed various PDS variants, but Singh et al have discussed the more general categories of PDS. 5 The detailed survey on the applications of PDS in smart cities has been elaborated by Kumar et al 6 The goal is to check whether the vehicle has crossed this location, and if yes at what time and date. Also, the same vehicle is present at the same location but at different time stamps and locations at different times.…”

“…Many researchers have discussed various PDS variants, but Singh et al have discussed the more general categories of PDS 5 . The detailed survey on the applications of PDS in smart cities has been elaborated by Kumar et al 6 …”

Internet of Things (IoT)-based indoor plant care system

“…In that sense, since the emergence of the term Internet of Things (IoT) in a presentation made by Kevin Ashton in 1999 [1], IoT-based systems (IoTSs) have been gradually bringing great technological changes that can contribute to SDG3 by helping people and making their lives easier and more comfortable through a series of applications. IoTSs have an undeniable utility, as they can be implemented to be applied in various fields, such as [18,19]: education, medicine [4], industry, transportation, governance, mining, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes, to mention just a few. Another application domain of IoT is environmental monitoring and control, which has particularly been applied to monitor pollution and reduce it [25].…”

“…Moreover, the work here presented is directly related to UN's SDG3 and intends to contribute to improve indoor air quality, trying to reduce the emission of polluting gases from indoors to outdoors, with the aim of achieving a cleaner and healthier environment [28]. In fact, what good would a city with all the characteristics of a smart city [4,18] be if pollution is the norm there? In many countries, populations are settled around large industries.…”