Proanthocyanidins and the lignin connection

Stafford, Helen A.

doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)80583-1

Cited by 97 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Unambiguous resolution of the problem will require solid biochemical and genetic support for one or more enzymes involved in proanthocyanidin condensation. Over 25 yr ago Stafford (1988) commented on similarities between proanthocyanidins and lignin, primarily with respect to their common origins as polymers of phenylpropanoid-derived units and potential functions in plant defense. It might be instructive to speculate further concerning potential commonalities in their mode of assembly as, at the time of Stafford's article, the mechanisms of oxidative polymerization of monolignols involving peroxidases and laccases were not fully understood.…”

Section: Formation Of B-type Proanthocyanidin Oligomers and Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proanthocyanidins – a final frontier in flavonoid research?

2004

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Summary Proanthocyanidins are oligomeric and polymeric end products of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the fruits, bark, leaves and seeds of many plants, where they provide protection against predation. At the same time they give flavor and astringency to beverages such as wine, fruit juices and teas, and are increasingly recognized as having beneficial effects on human health. The presence of proanthocyanidins is also a major quality factor for forage crops. The past 2 years have seen important breakthroughs in our understanding of the biosynthesis of the building blocks of proanthocyanidins, the flavan‐3‐ols (+)‐catechin and (–)‐epicatechin. However, virtually nothing is known about the ways in which these units are assembled into the corresponding oligomers in vivo. Molecular genetic approaches are leading to an understanding of the regulatory genes that control proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and this information, together with increased knowledge of the enzymes specific for the pathway, will facilitate the genetic engineering of plants for introduction of value‐added nutraceutical and forage quality traits. Contents Summary9I.9II.10III.12IV.13V.14VI.16VII.23VIII.242525

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Section: Formation Of B-type Proanthocyanidin Oligomers and Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proanthocyanidins – a final frontier in flavonoid research?

2004

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“…In Arabidopsis testa, PAs consist of oligomers of the flavan-3-ol 2,3-cis-(ÿ)-epicatechin, also called procyanidins (Abrahams et al, 2003). PAs are synthesized as colorless polymers in vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, which further coalesce into the central vacuole (Stafford, 1988). In dead cells in which the cytoplasm has disintegrated, PAs are oxidized into brown complexes that cross-bond within the cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRANSPARENT TESTA10 Encodes a Laccase-Like Enzyme Involved in Oxidative Polymerization of Flavonoids in Arabidopsis Seed Coat

Pourcel

Routaboul

Kerhoas³

et al. 2005

The Plant Cell

406

424

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The Arabidopsis thaliana transparent testa10 (tt10) mutant exhibits a delay in developmentally determined browning of the seed coat, also called the testa. Seed coat browning is caused by the oxidation of flavonoids, particularly proanthocyanidins, which are polymers of flavan-3-ol subunits such as epicatechin and catechin. The tt10 mutant seeds accumulate more epicatechin monomers and more soluble proanthocyanidins than wild-type seeds. Moreover, intact testa cells of tt10 cannot trigger H 2 O 2 -independent browning in the presence of epicatechin and catechin, in contrast with wild-type cells. UVvisible light detection and mass spectrometry revealed that the major oxidation products obtained with epicatechin alone are yellow dimers called dehydrodiepicatechin A. These products differ from proanthocyanidins in the nature and position of their interflavan linkages. Flavonol composition was also affected in tt10 seeds, which exhibited a higher ratio of quercetin rhamnoside monomers versus dimers than wild-type seeds. We identified the TT10 gene by a candidate gene approach. TT10 encodes a protein with strong similarity to laccase-like polyphenol oxidases. It is expressed essentially in developing testa, where it colocalizes with the flavonoid end products proanthocyanidins and flavonols. Together, these data establish that TT10 is involved in the oxidative polymerization of flavonoids and functions as a laccase-type flavonoid oxidase.

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“…The isoflavone, rotenone is a natural insecticide. The term 'proanthocyanidin' is not structurally explicit, but is based solely upon the experimental observation that these colorless compounds yield anthocyanidins upon treatment with strong acids (Scalbert, 1991: Stafford, 1988. They are astringent to the taste and have the ability to tan leather.…”

Section: Anthocyanins Flavonoids Phenolics and Quinonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This property, sometimes called astringency, is the reason for their past and present use in the tanning of animal skin. Tannins are distributed in two groups according to their structures: Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) and hydrolysable or water-soluble tannins (Scalbert, 1991;Stafford, 1988). The class of natural polymers variously referred to as condensed tannins, flavotannins, proanthocyanidins or flavolans have the general formula, with 'n' varying from 2 to 20.…”

Section: Tanninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemistry of pharmacologically important medicinal plants – A Review

Saranraj¹,

Sivasakthi²,

Deepa³

2016

Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci

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Plant derived substances have recently become of great interest owing to their versatile applications. Medicinal plants are the richest bioresource of drugs of traditional systems of medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the combinations of secondary products present in the plant. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to particular plant species or groups are consistent with this concept as the combinations of secondary products in a particular plant are often taxonomically distinct. Ecological function of secondary products may have some bearing on potential medicinal effects for humans and the secondary products involved in plant defense through cytotoxicity toward microbial pathogens could prove useful as antimicrobial medicines in humans, if not too toxic. In contrast to synthetic pharmaceuticals based upon single chemicals, many phytomedicines exert their beneficial effects through the additive or synergistic action of several chemical compounds acting at single or multiple target sites associated with a physiological process. The present review is focused on phytochemistry and pharmacological importance of medicinal plants.

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Proanthocyanidins and the lignin connection

Cited by 97 publications

References 36 publications

Proanthocyanidins – a final frontier in flavonoid research?

Proanthocyanidins – a final frontier in flavonoid research?

TRANSPARENT TESTA10 Encodes a Laccase-Like Enzyme Involved in Oxidative Polymerization of Flavonoids in Arabidopsis Seed Coat

Phytochemistry of pharmacologically important medicinal plants – A Review

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