This thesis consists of material all of which I authored or co-authored: see Statement of Contributions included in the thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners.I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. I am also grateful to my thesis readers: Alfred Menezes and Mohammad Hajiabadi for offering their time and invaluable perspectives on this thesis. v Dedication This is dedicated to the one I love, my lovely family, and loved ones in PS752. vi