Proactive operation of electric vehicles in harmonic polluted smart distribution networks

Abstract

Abstract-This study proposes combined framework for proactive operation, i.e. bidirectional active and reactive power 14 management, of the smart distribution network as well as harmonic compensation of non-linear loads using electric vehicles 15 (EVs) equipped with bidirectional chargers. The problem is in the form of non-linear programming (NLP) where the objective 16 function is to minimise the voltage deviation at the fundamental frequency and the total harmonic distortion. The harmonic load 17 flow equations, EVs constraints, system operation and harmonic indexes limits are formulated as problem constraints. The 18 proposed NLP problem is converted to an equivalent mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model using Taylor series and 19 linearisation techniques for AC power flow formulation. Also, the Benders decomposition (BD) algorithm is used to solve the 20proposed MILP problem that is tested on different distribution test networks to demonstrate its efficiency and performance. The 21 results show that the NLP model can be substituted with the high-speed linear programming model. Moreover, the computation 22 speed is improved by using the BD method. Finally, the network and harmonic indexes improved and charging cost reduced 23 using the proposed idea. 24 25

Advanced model for joint generation and transmission expansion planning including reactive power and security constraints of the network integrated with wind turbine

“…This constraint is as circular inequalities, and there are different methods to linearize this equation . In this paper, it is linearized as follows based on the work of Pirouzi and colleagues and the method shown in Figure . …”

“…Hence, the number of linear equations based on Figure is increased for reducing the calculation error. In Equation , Δ α is the angle deviation and m is the indices of linearization segments of the circular equation …”

“…It is to be noted that Δ α is equal to 360/ nk , where nk is the number of linearization segments of the circular equation; thus, m = {1, 2, …, nk } . Constraint is linearized using the method given in Equation , and different equations Equation are linearized by the method given by Equations , , , and .…”

“…This constraint is as circular inequalities, and there are different methods to linearize this equation. [21][22][23][24] In this paper, it is linearized as follows based on the work of Pirouzi and colleagues [22][23][24] and the method shown in Figure 2.…”

“…In Equation 40, Δα is the angle deviation and m is the indices of linearization segments of the circular equation. [22][23][24] It is to be noted that Δα is equal to 360/nk, where nk is the number of linearization segments of the circular equation; thus, m = {1, 2, …, nk}. [22][23][24] Constraint 10 is linearized using the method given in Equation 40, and different equations Equation (24) are linearized by the method given by Equations 36, 37, 39, and 40.…”