Pro-inflammatory, Th1, Th2, Th17 Cytokines and Dendritic Cells: A Cross-sectional Study in Chronic Periodontitis

Abstract

There are a limited number of studies correlating the different stages of dendritic cells (DC) maturation with cytokines in individuals presented chronic periodontitis (CP). The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation among the expression of IL-2, IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-, TNF-α, and IL-17A with the presence of DC and mild-moderate or advanced CP. Gingival samples were obtained from 24 individuals with CP and six samples of normal mucosa (NM) overlapping third molar for controls of the levels of cytokines. Periodontal examination was performed. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out, revealing CD1a+ immature, Fator XIIIa+ immature, and CD83+ mature DCs. The inflammatory infiltrate was counted, and the cytokines were measured by flow cytometry. Densities of DCs and inflammatory infiltrate, cytokines, subtypes of CP, and clinical periodontal parameters were correlated and compared. IL-6 expression was correlated positively with the increased numbers of CD1a+ immature DCs. Levels of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-, IL-10, and IL-17A were increased when compared with NM. The percentage of sites with clinical attachment level (CAL)>3 were positively correlated with densities of inflammatory infiltrate and negatively correlated with densities of immature DCs. IL-6 can contribute to the increase of the immature DCs in the CP. Higher levels of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-, IL-10, and IL-17A cytokines were observed in CP. Higher densities of inflammatory infiltrate as well as lower densities of immature DCs can result in a more severe degree of human CP.

Interleukin‐17–producing T cells and interleukin‐17 mRNA expression in periodontitis and long‐standing gingivitis lesions

“…In a study on mRNA expression of IL-17 and other cytokines in periodontitis and periodontally healthy specimens, Cardoso et al 24 found higher levels of IL-17 mRNA in periodontitis samples than in healthy controls. Souto et al, 25 who used flow cytometry to analyze cytokines in processed gingival biopsies, also reported on higher levels of IL-17 in periodontitis samples than in healthy gingiva. Although the reference samples or controls to periodontitis in the studies referred to above included both gingivitis and periodontally healthy tissues, the results agree with data reported in the present study.…”

Two Cheers for Crohn's Disease and Periodontitis: Beta-Defensin-2 as an Actionable Target to Intervene on Two Clinically Distinct Diseases

“…IFNc can activate macrophages to release inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, interleukin (IL)-1b, and IL-6, which, at the end, leads to a chronic inflammatory condition (Monteleone et al, 2002). In periodontitis, increased levels of IFN-c, IL-2, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-a had been observed in several studies, demonstrating the participation of Th1/Th2/Th17 cell cytokines in the disease pathogenesis (Gaffen and Hajishengallis 2008;Souto et al, 2014). Therefore, the intensive hyperactive T-cell theory is perhaps seen as one most widely accepted connection between Crohn's disease and periodontitis (Indriolo et al, 2011).…”

Permissive/Protective Interplay of Microbiota with T Cell Adaptive Immune Response in Colon Cancer

“…On the other hand, CD4+ T cells, differentiating into Th2 cells, express GATA3 and Stat6 and produce more IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. In addition, CD4+ Th2 cells are part of a type-2 immune response, i.e., a type of immunity which is mainly involved in the removal of helminthes and extracellular parasites and facilitates B-cell antibody secretion (3)(4)(5).…”

“…Tregs express fork-head lineagespecific transcription factor (FoxP3) proteins and are able to secrete immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-10 (10). In addition to an imbalance in Th1/Th2 cells, a dysregulated immune response, related to Th17 and FoxP3+ Tregs, has been linked to certain types of cancer, particularly colon cancer (3)(4)(5).…”