Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Visceral Leishmaniasis

Andargie, Temesgen E.; Ejara, Ermias Diro

doi:10.4172/2157-7013.1000206

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 72 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The literature shows that IL‐17 is a potent inflammatory cytokine capable of inducing expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which determine the magnitude of the inflammatory response. The formation of granulomas during infection is a consequence of the magnitude of the inflammatory response and antigen persistence 12,15,25,27,28,38,40 . In experimental paracoccidioidomycosis, it was demonstrated that IL‐6 and IL‐23 are essential to induce a Th17 immune profile, which positively regulates TNF‐α, IFN‐γ and iNOS expression, contributing to modulation of the immune response and granuloma formation 38 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adaptive immune response mediated by helper T cells is heterogeneous and is based on the development of different cell subtypes characterized by different cytokine production profiles. [15][16][17][18][19] In addition to Th1 and Th2 effector cells, another subtype of Th cells, named Th17, has been described, mainly producing IL-17, 12,[21][22][23][24][25] which is highly inflammatory and mediates the lysis of several intraand extracellular pathogens. This cytokine can also be produced by other cells types, such as CD8 T-lymphocytes, γδ T cells, natural killer cells and neutrophils.…”

Section: Re Sults and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of granulomas during infection is a consequence of the magnitude of the inflammatory response and antigen persistence. 12,15,25,27,28,38,40 In experimental paracoccidioidomycosis, it was demonstrated that IL-6 and IL-23 are essential to induce a Th17 immune profile, which positively regulates TNFα, IFN-γ and iNOS expression, contributing to modulation of the immune response and granuloma formation. 38 In mycobacterial infections 35,36,39 and sarcoidosis, 37 it has been observed that IL-17 is involved in granuloma formation and its stability by increasing chemokine production, which helps to recruit inflammatory cells to the site of infection.…”

Section: Re Sults and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Th17 lymphocytes in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Central America

Araujo

Pacheco

Sosa-Ochoa

et al. 2020

Parasite Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

skin lesions, designated as nonulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, have been reported. In Honduras, visceral leishmaniasis and NUCL are caused by the same aetiologic agent, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, and occur in the same geographical area. It should be noted that these two clinical forms are independent; therefore, they do not occur simultaneously in patients. 1 We have reported that macroscopic lesions are mostly self-limiting, single, small (ranging from 3 to 5 mm), nodular and nonulcerated with the presence of a hypopigmented halo, 2 as previously described. 1 It is important to note that the size of the lesions did not correlate with the time of infection evolution. Microscopically, skin lesions in NUCL were characterized by a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, with a predominance of lymphocytes,

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Re Sults and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Re Sults and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Th17 lymphocytes in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Central America

Araujo

Pacheco

Sosa-Ochoa

et al. 2020

Parasite Immunology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In patients with active VL, the expression of IFN-γ is increased in the periphery, but it may be possible that the effect is not enough to overcome the parasite multiplication or there is unresponsiveness to L. donovani antigen. This may be due to elevated level of immunosuppressive Th2-specific cytokines in active VL patients [82].…”

Section: Ifn-ii (Ifn-γ)-associated Immune Changes In Leishmania Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity in Interferon Responses Modulates T-Cell Immunity in Parasitic Infections: Periphery to Thymus

Thakur¹,

Akhtar²,

Jain³

et al. 2021

Innate Immunity in Health and Disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Parasitic infections are the major threat prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Different parasitic infections take a huge toll on mortality and morbidity at global level. Different parasites invade the host system, multiply inside host cells of their choice and sabotage defense mechanisms to overpower the host. T-cell immunity is majorly affected in different parasitic diseases such that the peripheral T-cell immune response is altered along with lesser explored thymic changes. Direct and/or indirect effect of parasitic infection leads to alterations in T-cell development, differentiation and activation resulting in deregulated T-cell immune mechanisms. Cytokines of interferon family play a significant role in determining the disease outcome and severity. Therefore, in this chapter, we here provide a detailed overview of the functional role played by IFNs during parasitic diseases in terms of their influence on peripheral T-cell activation and tolerance along with lesser explored impact on developing T cells in the thymus with altered microenvironmental niches.

show abstract

“…The major proinflammatory cytokines include TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-17, whereas antiinflammatory cytokines are immunoregulatory molecules that counteract the effects of proinflammatory cytokines to limit the inflammation that is triggered by excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines as indicated in (Figure 4). These major anti-inflammatory cytokines include IL-5, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β [92]. Experimentally, it has been investigated that IFN-γ-deficient C57BL/6 mice infected with L. amazonensis showed larger lesions, increased parasite burden, and development of Th2 type immune responses associated with IL-4 elevations as compared with wild-type mice [93].…”

Section: Cytokine Profile In CL Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection

Dubie

Yasin²

2020

Journal of Immunology Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem worldwide and spreads to human via the bite of sand flies during blood meal. Following its inoculation, the promastigotes are immediately taken up by phagocytic cells and these leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection. Many experimental studies showed that resistance to infection with leishmania paraites is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of CD4+ Th1 response. On the other hand, vulnerability to this parasitic infection is correlated to production of T helper 2 cytokines that facilitate persistence of parasites and disease progression. In addition, some studies have also indicated that CD8+ T cells play a vital role in immune defense through cytokine production and their cytotoxic activity and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators promote amplified recruitment of cells. This could be correlated with excessive inflammatory reaction and ultimately resulted in tissue destruction and development of immunopathogenesis. Thus, there are contradictions regarding the role of immune responses in protection and immunopathogenesis of CL disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the role of host immune response in protection and its contribution to disease severity for CL infection. In order to obtain more meaningful data regarding the nature of immune response to leishmania, further in-depth studies focused on immune modulation should be conducted to develop better therapeutic strategies.

show abstract

Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Visceral Leishmaniasis

Cited by 14 publications

References 72 publications

Th17 lymphocytes in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Central America

Th17 lymphocytes in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Central America

Plasticity in Interferon Responses Modulates T-Cell Immunity in Parasitic Infections: Periphery to Thymus

Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About