Private supplementary tutoring received by grade 9 students in Chongqing, China : determinants of demand, and policy implications

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a fast proximal gradient algorithm for multiobjective optimization, it is proved that the convergence rate of the accelerated algorithm for multiobjective optimization developed by Tanabe et al. can be improved from O(1/k 2 ) to o(1/k 2 ) by introducing different extrapolation term k−1 k+α−1 with α > 3. Further, we establish the inexact version of the proposed algorithm when the error term is additive, which owns the same convergence rate. At last, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is verified on some numerical experiments.

Private Lessons as an Instrument for Middle Class Status Struggle in Post-socialist Societies: Poland and Ukraine Case Studies

“…Defeating competition, search of prestige, securing oneself against declassation constitute additional motivation for maximising cultural capital. The truth of these tropes is confirmed also by other researchers (Southgate, 2009;Zhang, 2013;Oller & Glasman, 2013).…”

“…Considering these processes, one may conclude that the common denominator of private lessons, middle classes and inflation of education is the fear of declassation and mobilization of resources in order to secure their social status. This is shown by the hitherto analyses (Długosz, 2012;Bray, 2012;Prakhov and Yudkevivh, 2012;Zhang, 2013;Oller and Glasman, 2013;Prakhov, 2014;. Contemporary private tutoring are not a "lifebelt" but they aim at gaining domination and defeating competition in the fight for school successes.…”

“…Private lessons in the subjects included in national curriculum are very popular almost all over the world (Bray, 1999(Bray, , 2012Southgate, 2009;Zhang, 2013;Jokić, 2013). The researchers of this subject matter claim that in post-communist societies undergoing transformation thanks to private education the societies found it easier to adapt to capitalist economy which is new to them (Silova & Bray, 2006;Silova & Eklow, 2013, p. 393).…”

Determinants of demand for private supplementary tutoring in China: findings from a national survey

“…In addition, several studies have looked at the hukou status of students and have again found differences (e.g. Tsang, Ding, and Shen 2010;Zhang 2011;Zhang 2013).…”

“…Other research has focused on private tutoring in limited geographic locations (e.g. Chen et al 2012;Tsang, Ding, and Shen 2010;Zhang 2011;Zhang 2013).…”