Privacy and Security in E-Learning

Abstract

/npsi/ctrl?action=rtdoc&an=5763176&lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?action=rtdoc&an=5763176&lang=frAccess and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Privacy and Security in E-LearningYee, George; Xu, Y.; Korba, Larry; El-Khatib, K. ABSTRACTFor a variety of advantages, universities and other organizations are resorting to e-learning to provide instruction on-line. While many advances have been made in the mechanics of providing online instruction, the needs for privacy and security have to-date been largely ignored. This paper examines privacy and security issues associated with e-learning. It presents the basic principles behind privacy practices and legislation. It investigates the more popular e-learning standards to determine their provisions and limitations for privacy and security. Privacy requirements for e-learning systems are explored with respect to the "Privacy Principles". The capabilities of a number of existing privacy enhancing technologies, including methods for network privacy, policy-based privacy/security management, and trust systems, are reviewed and assessed.Keywords: e-learning; distance education; information security; on-line privacy; privacy principles; network privacy; policy-based management; trust mechanisms INTRODUCTIONOne of the key characteristics of our information economy is the requirement for lifelong learning. Industrial and occupational changes, global competition, and the explosion of information technologies have all highlighted the need for skills, knowledge, and training. Focused on attracting and retaining staff, companies have placed an emphasis on training to bolster soft and hard skills to meet new corporate challenges. In many cases, career training has been placed in the hands of employees, with the understanding that employees must be able to keep ahead of technological change and perform innovative problem solving. One way of meeting the demand for these new skills (especially in information technology) is through online e-learning, which also offers the potential for continuous learning. Moreover, e-learning provides answers for the rising costs of tuition, the shortage of qualified training staff, the high cost of campus maintenance, and the need to reach larger learner populations.From the corporate perspective, employee training is an approach to increase the level and variety of competencies in employees, for both hard and soft skills. On-line learning has become an important tool to implement corporate learning objectives. Indeed, specific e-learning courseware may be used to target specific corporate needs pertaining to strategic directions. Key trends for corporate e-learning, germane to privacy and e-learning include Hodgins, H.W. (2000):• Learners may access courseware using many different computing devices and from different locations, via diffe...

Secure exams despite malicious management

“…They advance exams as a case study but not to the point to provide a design of a protocol. Other papers study the security requirements for e-learning systems [9], [10]. They focus on authentication and privacy issues of teachers and students, and sketch some ideas towards security [11].…”

What security for electronic exams?

“…Several papers study the security properties of e-learning systems [31], [32]. In particular, relevant works analyse authentication and privacy issues of teachers and students, and propose some ideas on how ensure security in such systems [33].…”

Initial Development of a Learners’ Ratified Acceptance of Multibiometrics Intentions Model (RAMIM)

“…However, some researchers have raised a valid criticism that information security in e-learning research is scarce. For example, El-Khatib, Korba, Xu, and Yee (2003) criticized that "Most e-learning innovations have focused on course development and delivery, with little or no consideration to privacy and security as required elements" (p. 2). Kritzinger (2006) concurred by claiming that "A lot of research has been done regarding the advantages of elearning.…”