Pristine Fullerene C₆₀: Different Water Soluble Forms—Different Mechanisms of Biological Action

Mechanism of Solubilizing Fullerene C60in Presence of Poly(Vinyl pyrrolidone) Molecules in Water

“…Among the various macroscopic solubilizing agents, a biocompatible macroscopic stabilizing agent like poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) PVP is imparting much interest to the scientific community (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)12,18,19,(24)(25)(26). The various advantages of this route in particular are (i) excellent solubility and stability of C 60 in water, (ii) execution of better processability of nanofluids (NFs), (iii) make use of a solubilizer of medicinal value, and (iv) NFs carry all the physical, chemical, biological and medicinal properties of both kinds of the molecules.…”

“…Primarily through Hbonding, PVP molecules of refreshed molecular surfaces (which offer plenty of active >N-C=Omoieties) readily react with a number of drugs, dyes, and electron acceptors (such as metal ions) useful for drug delivery, synthesizing metal ion-polymer complexes and derived applications (19,26). With lone pair N and O-electrons on the pyrrolidone ring and ability to generate reactive binding site by mesomerism in presence of hydrogen donor, PVP solubilizes and stabilizes C 60 molecules in water by forming donor-acceptor complex (6)(7)(8)12,18,19,24,25).…”

“…In many literatures it is reported that chloroform is used as a transferring medium for solubilization of C 60 molecules in presence of a macroscopic stabilizing agent like PVP in water (6)(7)(8)12,18,24,25). It was in the year 1994, Yamakoshi et al (6) have first time reported that as large as 5.55 × 10 -4 mol/L C 60 molecules can be solubilized into water in presence of a hydrophilic PVP polymer via chloroform.…”

“…It was in the year 1994, Yamakoshi et al (6) have first time reported that as large as 5.55 × 10 -4 mol/L C 60 molecules can be solubilized into water in presence of a hydrophilic PVP polymer via chloroform. Later on many groups have followed their route to solubilize C 60 with PVP in water (7,8,12,18,24,25). In an experiment, Ungurenasu and Airinei (7) have reported that PVP molecules efficiently solubilize C 60 in water owing to a strong CT interaction between PVP and C 60 molecules via N-atoms in exfoliated PVP molecules.…”

Biological Effects in Cell Cultures of Fullerene C60: Dependence on Aggregation State

“…Previously, we have shown that water-soluble preparations of pristine fullerene, namely C 60 /polyvinylpyrrolidone (C 60 /PVP) complex and molecular-colloidal water solutions of C 60 , prepared accordingly (Andrievsky et al, 1995), exhibit virucidal activity due to different mechanisms: C 60 /PVP complexes act mainly on the lipid component of virus membranes, while the mechanism of virucidal action of molecular-colloidal water solutions of C 60 is mainly connected with the ability of fullerene to generate singlet oxygen under illumination. In the first case, fullerene acts as a membranotropic agent, whereas in the second case it acts as a photosensibilizator (Sirotkin et al, 2006).…”