Prior Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization: A Risk Factor for Surgical Site Infections Following Decolonization

Ramos, Nicholas; Stachel, Anna; Phillips, Michael; Vigdorchik, Jonathan M.; Slover, James; Bosco, Joseph

doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00165

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…While the number of invasive MRSA infections has declined slowly over the past decade, our group has identified reservoirs of MSSA (methicillin-susceptible S. aureus ) and MRSA in humans, animals, and the environment [4–11]. Although colonization with S. aureus is usually asymptomatic, it is a risk factor for active infection [12] and enhances the ability of an individual to transmit S. aureus to fomite surfaces [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus across and within fitness facility types

et al. 2019

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BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium found in the nose and throat of healthy individuals, and presents risk factors for infection and death. We investigated environmental contamination of fitness facilities with S. aureus in order to determine molecular types and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of contaminates that may be transmitted to facility patrons.MethodsEnvironmental swabs (n = 288) were obtained from several fitness facilities (n = 16) across Northeast Ohio including cross-fit type facilities (n = 4), traditional iron gyms (n = 4), community center-based facilities (n = 5), and hospital-associated facilities (n = 3). Samples were taken from 18 different surfaces at each facility and were processed within 24 h using typical bacteriological methods. Positive isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and molecular characterization (PVL and mecA PCR, and spa typing).ResultsThe overall prevalence of S. aureus on environmental surfaces in the fitness facilities was 38.2% (110/288). The most commonly colonized surfaces were the weight ball (62.5%), cable driven curl bar, and CrossFit box (62.5%), as well as the weight plates (56.3%) and treadmill handle (50%). Interestingly, the bathroom levers and door handles were the least contaminated surfaces in both male and female restroom facilities (18.8%). Community gyms (40.0%) had the highest contamination prevalence among sampled surfaces with CrossFit (38.9%), traditional gyms (38.9%), and hospital associated (33.3%) contaminated less frequently, though the differences were not significant (p = 0.875). The top spa types found overall were t008 (12.7%), t267 (10.0%), t160, t282, t338 (all at 5.5%), t012 and t442 (4.5%), and t002 (3.6%). t008 and t002 was found in all fitness facility types accept Crossfit, with t267 (25%), t548, t377, t189 (all 10.7%) the top spa types found within crossfit. All samples were resistant to benzylpenicillin, with community centers having significantly more strains resistant to oxacillin (52.8%), erythromycin (47%), clindamycin (36%), and ciprofloxacin (19%). Overall, 36.3% of isolates were multidrug resistant.ConclusionsOur pilot study indicates that all facility types were contaminated by S. aureus and MRSA, and that additional studies are needed to characterize the microbiome structure of surfaces at different fitness facility types and the patrons at these facilities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus across and within fitness facility types

et al. 2019

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“…Some studies associated smoking and secondhand smoke with increased S. aureus carriage rates (20)(21)(22)(23), and others declared no association (24,25), while the Tromsø (Norway) Staph and Skin Study 2007-08 indicated that smoking might be protective (26). Notably, S. aureus carriage triples the risk for postoperative skin and soft tissue infections (27), and smoking associates with higher infection rates (28). In the current study, we determined the nasal S. aureus carriage rate in healthy smokers who attend the University of Central Florida (UCF).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cessation from Smoking Improves Innate Host Defense and Clearance of Experimentally Inoculated Nasal Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2018

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nasal carriage is transient in most humans and usually benign, but dissemination of to extranasal sites causes the majority of clinical infections, and is a major cause of serious infections in the United States. A better understanding of innate nasal decolonization mechanisms is urgently needed, as are relevant models for studying clearance. Here, we screened a population of healthy smokers for nasal carriage and compared the participants' abilities to clear experimentally applied nasal before and after completion of a smoking cessation program. We determined that cigarette smoking increases the mean nasal load (2.6 × 10 CFU/swab) compared to the load observed in healthy nonsmokers (1.7 × 10 CFU/swab) and might increase the rate of nasal carriage in otherwise-healthy adults: 22 of 99 smokers carried at the screening visit, while only 4 of 30 nonsmokers screened positive during the same time period. Only 6 of 19 experimental inoculation studies in active smokers resulted in clearance within the month of follow-up, while in the cessation group, 6 of 9 subjects cleared nasal and carriage duration averaged 21 ± 4 days. Smoking cessation associated with enhanced expression of -associated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in nasal fluids. Participants who failed to clear exhibited a higher nasal load and elevated nasal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) expression at the preexperiment study visits. We conclude that smokers exhibit higher loads than nonsmokers and that innate immune pathways, including G-CSF expression and signaling through the IL-1 axis, are important mediators of nasal clearance.

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“…The sample size was 247-356 people. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] The examined data revealed that MRSA-positive had a significantly higher SSI compared with MRSA-negative in SS subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of surgical site wound infection after spine surgery in nasal colonization of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A meta‐analysis

Imam,

Abdel‐Sattar,

Alqarni

et al. 2023

International Wound Journal

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The purpose of the meta‐analysis was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of surgical site infection (SSI) after spine surgery (SS) in nasal colonization of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results of this meta‐analysis were analysed, and the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using dichotomous or contentious random‐ or fixed‐effect models. For the current meta‐analysis, 14 examinations spanning from 2014 to 2022 were included, encompassing 18 410 people who were tested for nasal colonization after SS. MRSA‐positive had a significantly higher SSI (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 2.48–5.37, p < 0.001) compared with MRSA‐negative in SS subjects. However, no significant difference was found between methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus negative (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.32–2.79, p = 0.91), and Staphylococcus aureus positive and negative (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 0.26–17.41, p = 0.48) in SS subjects. The examined data revealed that MRSA colonization had a significant effect on SSI; however, methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus had no significant effect on SSI in SS subjects. However, given that some comparisons included a small number of chosen studies, attention should be given to their values.

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Prior Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization: A Risk Factor for Surgical Site Infections Following Decolonization

Abstract: Level IV.

Cited by 33 publications

References 26 publications

Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus across and within fitness facility types

Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus across and within fitness facility types

Cessation from Smoking Improves Innate Host Defense and Clearance of Experimentally Inoculated Nasal Staphylococcus aureus

Prevalence of surgical site wound infection after spine surgery in nasal colonization of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A meta‐analysis

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