Prior opiate injection and incarceration history predict injection drug use among inmates

Calzavara, Liviana; Burchell, Ann; Schlossberg, Julia; Myers, Ted; Escobar, Michael; Wallace, Evelyn; Major, Carol; Strike, Carol; Millson, Margaret

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00466.x

Cited by 68 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, previous research in this area has documented drug use in prison environments using this approach (Boys et al, 2002; Calzavara et al, 2003; Gillespie, 2005; Inciardi, Lockwood, & Quinlan, 1993; Kinner, Jenkinson, Gouillou, & Milloy, 2012; Small et al, 2005), and self-reported drug use among this sample was also shown to be more valid than medical record data in a separate analysis (Bai et al, 2014). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Predictors of Illicit Drug Use Among Prisoners

Rowell-Cunsolo¹,

Sampong²,

Befus³

et al. 2016

Substance Use & Misuse

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Background The United States of America currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and approximately 80% of incarcerated individuals have a history of illicit drug use. Despite institutional prohibitions, drug use continues in prison, and is associated with a range of negative outcomes. Objectives To assess the relationship between prison drug use, duration of incarceration, and a range of covariates. Results Most participants self-reported a history of illicit drug use (77.5%). Seven percent reportedly used drugs during the previous six months of incarceration (n = 100). Participants who had been incarcerated for more than a year were less likely than those incarcerated for longer than a year to report using drugs (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.26–0.98). Participants aged 37–89 were less likely than younger prisoners to use drugs (OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.19–0.80). Heroin users were twice as likely as nonheroin users to use drugs (OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.04–5.03); crack cocaine users were also twice as likely as participants with no history of crack cocaine usage to report drug use (OR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.13–5.69). Conclusions Correctional institutions should be used as a resource to offer evidence-based services to curb drug usage. Drug treatment programs for younger prisoners, heroin and crack cocaine users, and at the beginning of a prisoner's sentence should be considered for this population.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Predictors of Illicit Drug Use Among Prisoners

Rowell-Cunsolo¹,

Sampong²,

Befus³

et al. 2016

Substance Use & Misuse

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show abstract

“…History of incarceration was significantly associated with opiate use for both men and women, however, from the current study we do not know if drug use occurred only in jail/prison, only during those periods when the participants were not incarcerated, or both. While incarceration was significantly associated with injection drug use, the Anderson model posits multiple vulnerabilities (Calzavara et al 2003) as pathways to health services usage. The total mediated effect (indirect effect) of opiate use in this study was significant only for men suggesting that opiate use is a vulnerability for men but not for women in terms of ED use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incarceration and drug use prior to incarceration have been associated with injection drug use among inmates (Calzavara et al 2003). Prisons may be high-risk environments for the initiation and use of heroin and other drugs (Boys et al 2002).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency room use after being released from incarceration

2014

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BackgroundThis study investigates opiate use in mediating the impact of history of incarceration on emergency department (ED) use.MethodData were collected from 1,341 clients who underwent HIV and STI screening in an outpatient care center in Long Beach, California. The Risk Behavior Assessment (RBA, baseline) and Risk Behavior Follow-Up Assessment (RBFA, follow-up) were administered to each client with at least a three months interval between assessments.ResultsOf 1341 participants in the study, 931 (69.43%) reported previous incarceration. Having a history of incarceration was significantly associated with emergency room use as well as a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), injection drug use, opiate use, and survival sex trading, defined as sex for money or drugs. The relationship between previous incarceration and ED use was mediated by opiate use for men but not for women. The findings suggested that the effect of history of incarceration on ED use was exacerbated when the individuals were male and opiate users.ConclusionsTargeted interventions in treatment and rehabilitation programs could help prevent unnecessary ED use and reduce the use of EDs through drug treatment during incarceration and after release.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2194-7899-2-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Although it is clear that high-risk behaviors occur in incarcerated settings 38,[45][46][47] and that reduction in risk behavior can occur with the use of methadone, 39 variability of prison systems and settings in different regions may imply that optimal methadone treatment policies should be tailored to local conditions. Providing MMT for inmates who were treated in community clinics prior to incarceration or initiating MMT in the incarcerated setting may also be an effective strategy to prevent HIV and hepatitis transmission in settings where high-risk behaviors are prevalent [46][47][48] and where effective linkage to community-based treatment exists for the post-release period. Two considerations in deciding the political feasibility and advisability of initiating prison-based MMT are whether high-risk behaviors or intraprison disease transmission is evident 48,49 and whether effective linkage to community MMT is present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%