Printing in Three Dimensions with Graphene

Abstract

Responsive graphene oxide sheets form non-covalent networks with optimum rheological properties for 3D printing. These networks have shear thinning behavior and sufficiently high elastic shear modulus (G') to build self-supporting 3D structures by direct write assembly. Drying and thermal reduction leads to ultra-light graphene-only structures with restored conductivity and elastomeric behavior.

Graphene Oxide‐Based Electrode Inks for 3D‐Printed Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…[ 20 ] Based on this feature, 3D printing of graphene oxide has been successfully performed, into different structural forms such as nanowires, [ 21 ] aerogel microlattices, [ 14 ] and complex networks. [ 22,23 ] A majority of studies focus on the fundamentals of 3D-printed graphene oxide materials and their structures. Highly concentrated graphene oxide inks have been shown to be directly printed into fi ne fi laments and then a layer-by-layer deposition strategy can be utilized to develop diverse architectures with exceptional properties (e.g., high surface area, high electrical conductivity, good structural stability).…”

“…Highly concentrated graphene oxide inks have been shown to be directly printed into fi ne fi laments and then a layer-by-layer deposition strategy can be utilized to develop diverse architectures with exceptional properties (e.g., high surface area, high electrical conductivity, good structural stability). [ 14,21,22 ] Recently, studies about GO in 3D printing have mentioned only a few potential applications, particularly using the porous 3D graphene structures as supercapacitors. [24][25][26] In this manner, extended applications of 3D-printed graphene oxide materials are awaiting exploitations, especially in miniature energy storage devices.…”

Complex ceramic architectures by directed assembly of ‘responsive’ particles

“…when the MAA functionalities in BCS are in their anionic form and the alumina surfaces [25]) this corresponds to ~1 molecule per nm 2 , which is much smaller than the equivalent molecular diameter (~40 nm). These analyses are in good agreement with the particle size studies and suggest multilayer coverage on the particle surface.…”

“…GL lowers the pH in a homogeneous two-step process, first dissolution and subsequent hydrolysis of the GL to gluconic acid. Amounts of GL ranging from 0.5 to 12 wt/v% were added to drop the pH below the pKa (6.46 [25]) of BCS and subsequently trigger the establishment of multiple inter-and intra-hydrogen bonds between the BCS molecules. For the production of dense components, concentrated alumina suspensions (43 vol%) were mixed with GL, poured into the moulds and left until aggregation is completed inside a vacuum cast device (up to 90 min).…”

“…BCS with a composition of PEGMA5/MAA95-EGDMA10-DDT10 was synthesized following the protocol described in refs [24,25]. BCS solutions with compositions between 0.5 and 5 wt/v% were prepared in distilled water at pH 8 (adjusted with NaOH).…”