Printed strain gauges embedded in organic coatings - Analysis of gauge factor and temperature dependence

Enser, Herbert; Kulha, Pavel; Sell, Johannes K.; Schatzl-Linder, Michaela; Strauß, Bernhard; Hilber, Wolfgang; Jakoby, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2018.03.042

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, as recently reported [1] printed strain gauges exhibit a decrease of the gauge factor after the exposure to an additional temperature step. In addition to that further investigation of this behaviour revealed additional unexpected nonlinear responses to certain physical parameter changes such as temperature, as shown in [4]. Thus, this work will focus on the investigation of the nonlinear response of strain gauges when printed onto polymer coated rigid materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hysteresis and Material Effects of Printed Strain Gauges Embedded in Organic Coatings

Enser

Sell

Schatzl-Linder

et al. 2017

Proceedings of Eurosensors 2017, Paris, France, 3–6 September 2017

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This work reports on the hysteresis behavior and an initial baseline drift of printed strain gauges embedded in organic coating layers on sheet steel that we recently introduced. We subsequently investigated the performance over an extended period of time, which revealed interesting and partially unexpected material properties of printed strain gauges made from silver and carbon. Both silver-and carbon-based strain gauges show a hysteresis behavior of the gauge factor and non-negligible nonlinear characteristics. Furthermore, the carbon-based sensors show a strong initial base line drift within the first 50-100 cycles. All three effects, namely hysteresis, nonlinear gauge factor and initial base line drift, are confirmed within their respective standard deviations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hysteresis and Material Effects of Printed Strain Gauges Embedded in Organic Coatings

Enser

Sell

Schatzl-Linder

et al. 2017

Proceedings of Eurosensors 2017, Paris, France, 3–6 September 2017

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“…It can be shown that:

where Δ R = R − R 0 where R is the resistance at strain ε and R 0 is the resistance at strain zero (initial conditions). GF is the gauge factor which defines the sensitivity of a change in resistance with strain [ 122 , 123 ]. The strain in the device can be calculated by:

where l is length, w is width, h is thickness, δ is vertical displacement, longitudinal strain is ε at position x [ 122 ].…”

Section: Other Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These have cure times of 30 min at 150 °C and 3 min at 140 °C and flash points of 54 and 74 °C, respectively [ 124 , 125 ]. However, even when the top coat was applied to these strain gauges and cured at 250 °C for 90 s, there was no suggestion that this excessive temperature affected the strain gauge operation [ 123 ].…”

Section: Other Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques for In Situ Monitoring the Performance of Organic Coatings and Their Applicability to the Pre-Finished Steel Industry: A Review

Savill

Jewell

2021

Sensors

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A review is carried out in this paper into techniques that currently exist for, of have the potential to be used for, monitoring the performance of organic coating. Specific attention is paid to the applicability of each method to pre-finished steel used in the construction industry as these are rarely monitored in situ and their expected performance is often only estimated from lab-based accelerated corrosion testing. Monitoring could allow more accurate estimates of building cladding lifespan and required maintenance schedules; provide customers with active performance data; additionally, with a better understanding of performance, more appropriate coatings or coating weights could be selected for a construction project, offering economic benefits as part of smart building developments. An introduction to coatings, their use for corrosion protection, failure mechanisms, and relevant monitoring techniques is given before current assessment techniques are described in terms of their working principles. Examples of recent work are presented for the techniques that have been investigated for monitoring or directly relatable purposes. The review concludes that there are several good reasons why an optimum corrosion monitoring technology does not currently exist, however, promising research is emerging in the field of wireless and embedded sensor design which is providing optimistic results.

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“…capacitive sensors, strain gauges, and piezo/pyroelectric sensors. Details of this research have been previously presented in conference proceedings [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed transducers embedded in polymer coatings

Enser

Sell

Kulha

et al. 2018

Elektrotech. Inftech.

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We provide an overview on our recent work on embedded printed transducers. This includes the description of appropriate technologies as well as technological considerations for the integration of sensors and actuators into polymer coatings, e.g., of sheet metal. In particular, the integration of capacitive large area sensors, piezo-and pyroelectric layers, and strain gauges is discussed. The devised concept has the potential to introduce additional functionality to a variety of products without the need of significant changes to associated production processes.

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Printed strain gauges embedded in organic coatings - Analysis of gauge factor and temperature dependence

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Hysteresis and Material Effects of Printed Strain Gauges Embedded in Organic Coatings

Hysteresis and Material Effects of Printed Strain Gauges Embedded in Organic Coatings

Techniques for In Situ Monitoring the Performance of Organic Coatings and Their Applicability to the Pre-Finished Steel Industry: A Review

Printed transducers embedded in polymer coatings

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