Principles of X-Ray Imaging

Aichinger, Horst; Dierker, Joachim; Joite-Barfuß, Sigrid; Säbel, Manfred

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11241-6_1

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…X-rays are utilized in various medical applications like planar imaging, Computed Tomography (CT), dental imaging and interventional radiology [1]. The optimal use of radiation assumes the involvement of high-quality X-ray detectors in the imaging procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, hundreds of secondary information carriers are generated per X-ray photon. By taking into consideration that the digital imaging Si matrix is more sensitive to light than X-rays, the use of these chemical materials, called hereafter scintillators, can reduce the radiation burden of the examination [1]. When the optical photons are captured into the Si matrix they are * nkalyvas@uniwa.gr digitized and bit values are assigned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the optical photons are captured into the Si matrix they are * nkalyvas@uniwa.gr digitized and bit values are assigned. The resulted image is further processed via image processing software techniques to enhance existing details according to the examination type [1]. One category of X-ray scintillator detectors is the photostimulated phosphors where the X-ray energy absorbed in the material remains trapped in the scintillator by means of electron excitation and detention in lattice defects of the scintillator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of detection is commonly referred to as Computed Radiography (CR) and the scintillator as photostimulated phosphor (PSP). Although CR is not the state-of-the-art in digital imaging it is currently used as an intermediate solution, because it does not require any modification at the X-ray generator-tube apparatus [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Towards this end a published theoretical model [10] was used and the parameters describing the statistical stages were theoretically described in order to calculate the MTF. In addition, the MTF of a CR system was measured through the edge method [1], [8] for different built-in imaging appearance software algorithms. Finally, the contrast was experimentally determined by irradiating two contrast detail imaging phantoms [1], [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Reader Software in Image Quality Metrics of X-Ray Computed Radiography Systems

Galanopoulou¹,

Katsigiannis²,

Bakas³

et al. 2022

RAP Conference Proceedings

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X-rays are used in medical imaging to acquire information from inside the human body. The quality of the information is affected by the tube voltage responsible for X-ray penetration and contrast as well as the tube load which affects image noise. Another important part is the X-ray detector. It consists either of a scintillator component coupled to semiconductor (indirect detection) or only of a semiconductor part that directly converts the X-rays to electron-hole pairs which impinge onto an electronic circuit (direct detection). An intermediate solution is the use of a Computed Radiography cassette (CR) which has a scintillator with introduced defaults. These defaults act as traps for the radiation excited electrons and prohibit the spontaneous optical photon generation. The cassette is then excited by a LASER beam provoking the de-excitation of the trapped information carriers. The optical photons generated are collected by a photocathode digitized and presented as an image. The image is further manipulated in an automated manner depending upon the examination. The purpose of this work is to examine the effect of the automated software manipulation to the image quality metrics. A theoretical model based in the linear cascade system theory was utilized. The model has considered the incident X-rays, their absorption in the CR, the generation and trap of electrons, the optical photon generation emission and capture at the photocathode. The model predicted the electrons per incident X-ray as well as the pre-sampled Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) which defines the spatial resolution of the system. The data needed for the model were obtained from literature. The calculation of optical photon transport was done by an analytical solution of Boltzmann diffusion equation. In order to find the effect of the software a PTW edge phantom was irradiated by a BMI GMM X-ray generator and imaged by a FujiFilm ST-VI cassette and a Capsule-X scanner. The images were shown in 'chest', 'patella' and 'PDR' mode to simulate a high latitude, a high contrast and a generic imaging window respectively. The MTF was estimated by Fourier transforming a differentiated edge profile. The contrast was obtained by irradiating the Artinis CDRAD low contrast PMMA phantom and 3Dprinted PLA phantom, both for 'breast' imaging conditions. The data were processed through ImageJ and Octave free software. The best MTF agreement was found for patella imaging conditions. It was found that the image contrast was affected by the phantom material. The PMMA phantom showed better agreement with the experimental results. Since image quality parameters are phantom material based, each new phantom should have a reference image.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effect of Reader Software in Image Quality Metrics of X-Ray Computed Radiography Systems

Galanopoulou¹,

Katsigiannis²,

Bakas³

et al. 2022

RAP Conference Proceedings

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Radiation dose considerations in digital radiography with an anti‐scatter grid: A study using adult and pediatric phantoms

Kawashima

Ichikawa

Kitao

et al. 2023

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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BackgroundWhen using an anti‐scatter grid, a decrease in receptor dose caused by its X‐ray absorption seems to lead to the misperception that radiation dose needs to be increased even in digital radiography (DR).ObjectiveTo demonstrate that there is no need to increase radiation dose in DR with a grid, based on a visual evaluation using an adult and a pediatric abdomen phantom (PAD and PPD, respectively).Materials and methodsPhantom images with and without a grid were obtained with exposure parameters determined based on a preliminarily measured signal‐to‐noise ratio improvement factor (SIF), an index for potential dose reduction when using a grid. In visual evaluation, four radiologists compared phantom images with a grid applied at different dose reduction rates (0% [no reduction], 18%, 36%, and 59% for PAD and 0% and 11% for PPD) against an image without a grid at the baseline dose (as the reference). They graded the overall image quality of the former relative to that of the latter (reference) on a 3‐point scale (3 = better, 2 = almost equal, 1 = worse).ResultsThe mean scores for dose reduction rates of 0%, 18%, 36%, and 59% were 3.00, 3.00, 2.75, and 1.00, respectively, for PAD; those for 0% and 11% were 2.13 and 1.63, respectively, for PPD. These results support the validity of our view that no dose increase is necessary when using an anti‐scatter grid. Actually, there is even a potential for improvement in image quality with dose reduction rates of ≤36% for PAD.ConclusionIt is worth reconsidering the necessity of increasing radiation dose in the DR imaging of the adult and pediatric abdomens with an anti‐scatter grid.

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Principles of Image Formation in the Different Modalities

García-Higueras,

Jimena-Hermosilla

2023

Imaging Informatics for Healthcare Professionals

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Principles of X-Ray Imaging

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of Reader Software in Image Quality Metrics of X-Ray Computed Radiography Systems

Effect of Reader Software in Image Quality Metrics of X-Ray Computed Radiography Systems

Radiation dose considerations in digital radiography with an anti‐scatter grid: A study using adult and pediatric phantoms

Principles of Image Formation in the Different Modalities

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