Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states

Kawagoe, Kirk T.; Zimmerman, Jayne B.; Wightman, R. Mark

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(93)90094-8

Cited by 378 publications

(302 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…3C). Furthermore, when we measured dopamine release in striatal slices by fast-scan cyclic voltametry (22), the amount of dopamine discharged upon a defined stimulus in the CPu was 21% lower in slices from En HT animals (3.0 Ϯ 0.28 and 3.8 Ϯ 0.23 M; P ϭ 0.001 for En HT and En2Ϫ͞Ϫ mice, respectively). As expected from the cell counts, the dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, which is innervated by VTA neurons, was unaltered (Fig.…”

Section: Molecular Changes In Basal Ganglia Of En Ht Micementioning

confidence: 99%

“…DA release was evoked by a single pulse (0-500 A, 300 sec) applied through a bipolar stimulation electrode (bipolar stainless steel, 100 m, insulated except at the tip) every 10 sec. DA was detected with 5-m carbon-fiber electrodes (ALA Scientific Instruments, Westbury, New York) by using fast-scan cyclic voltametry (22). Cyclic voltamograms (ramps from Ϫ500 to ϩ1,000 mV and back to Ϫ500 mV at 300 V per sec) were repeated every 100 ms by using an EPC9 amplifier (HEKA Electronic, Lambrecht, Germany).…”

Section: Hplcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Slow progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in postnatal Engrailed mutant mice

Sgadò

Albèri

Gherbassi

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

132

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The homeobox transcription factors Engrailed-1 and Engrailed-2 are required for the survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in a cell-autonomous and gene-dose-dependent manner. Because of this requirement, the cells die by apoptosis when all four alleles of the Engrailed genes are genetically ablated (En1؊͞؊; En2؊͞؊). In the present study, we show that viable and fertile mice, heterozygous null for Engrailed-1 and homozygous null for Engrailed-2 (En1؉͞؊;En2؊͞؊), have an adult phenotype that resembles key pathological features of Parkinson's disease. Specifically, postnatal mutant mice exhibit a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra during the first 3 mo of their lives, leading to diminished storage and release of dopamine in the caudate putamen, motor deficits similar to akinesia and bradykinesia, and a lower body weight. This genetic model may provide access to the molecular etiology for Parkinson's disease and could assist in the development of novel treatments for this neurodegenerative disorder.dopamine ͉ midbrain ͉ mouse mutant ͉ neurodegenerative disease ͉ substantia nigra M esencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons are the main source of dopamine in the mammalian central nervous system (1). They are located in three distinct nuclei, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN), the ventral tegmentum (VTA), and the retrorubral field (RRF). Their main innervation targets are the basal ganglia, where they play a major role in controlling emotion, motivation, and motor behavior (2, 3), recognized by their involvement in schizophrenia, addiction, and most prominently in Parkinson's disease (PD; ref. 4). PD is a multisystemic degenerative disorder of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its hallmark is the progressive degeneration of DA neurons in the SN. The clinical symptoms are resting tremor; muscular rigidity; postural instability; hyposomia; a positive response to the application of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); and the presence of cytoplasmatic inclusions (Lewy bodies) in postmortem brains (5). Additionally, PD patients are often characterized by weight loss starting before diagnosis and continuing with disease progression (6, 7).The homeodomain transcription factors Engrailed-1 and -2 (En1 and En2) are expressed by all mesDA neurons soon after differentiation and then continuously into adulthood. They are cell-autonomously and in a gene-dose-dependent manner required for the survival of this neuronal population, leading to the complete loss of the cells in mutant mice homozygous null for both genes (En1Ϫ͞Ϫ;En2Ϫ͞Ϫ; refs. 8 and 9). In their function as survival factors for mesDA neurons, the two genes are redundant and can compensate for each other (9, 10). The single-null mutants for either En1 (En1Ϫ͞Ϫ) or En2 (En2Ϫ͞Ϫ) show no significant alterations in the organization of the mesDA system at birth, but the mice with genotypes intermediate to the single and double mutants are distinctively different from each other. Whereas En1Ϫ͞Ϫ;En2ϩ͞Ϫ mice die at po...

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Section: Molecular Changes In Basal Ganglia Of En Ht Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hplcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slow progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in postnatal Engrailed mutant mice

Sgadò

Albèri

Gherbassi

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

132

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“…This is rather consistent with the fact that adsorption of catecholamines onto carbon materials is generally assumed to involve supramolecular binding to oxidized carbons moieties, viz., is facilitated at the edges or defects of basal planes, i.e., at areas where electron transfers seem also to be facilitated. 21,[29][30][31][32] The time course required to reach the current peak during one voltammogram is approximately θ ∼ RT /Fv. 63 Thus, during this time duration θ the depletion of the initial DA el ads molecules may be compensated by the progressive migration and subsequent oxidation of a quantity q(θ) = γ * A * × f (θ) of DA non−el ads molecules ( f (θ) is an appropriate kinetic term characteristic of the kinetically-controlled migration process taking place between the randomly dispersed nanodomains structures).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28,29 Though usually dismissed during quantitative determination of catecholamines concentrations and fluxes by FSCV, such surface heterogeneities have certainly high analytical consequences due to differences in adsorption characteristics and interfacial electron transfer rate constants. 30 Indeed, electron transfer rates [31][32][33][34][35] as well as kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of catecholamines adsorption are expected to drastically depend on the exact molecular and electronic states of carbon surfaces.…”

Section: G3058mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Heterogeneities Matter in Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Investigations of Catecholamines in Brain with Carbon Microelectrodes of High-Aspect Ratio: Dopamine Oxidation at Conical Carbon Microelectrodes

Oleinick

Álvarez‐Martos

Svir

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) at high aspect ratio carbon microelectrodes shows adequate high temporal and spatial resolution for in vivo analysis of catecholamines. Though the presence of their surface heterogeneities has been recognized since their earliest introduction for in vivo measurements in the brain, the kinetic consequences on the measurements have not been investigated and FSCV measurements are treated based on pre-and post-calibrations. We establish here that surface heterogeneities play a consequent dynamic role on the oxidation of dopamine taken as an example of catecholamines. Hence, the FSCV current peak intensities do not scale with the scan rate v or its square root. This is rationalized with a simple model involving a co-existence of at least two types of surface nanodomains with different electrochemical reactivities and different time responses. At low scan rates (<100 V s −1 ) dopamine molecules that initially adsorbed onto non-electroactive nanodomains have enough time to migrate toward highly electroactive ones so all molecules initially adsorbed on the whole electrode surface may be oxidized during one FSCV cycle. Current peak intensities then increase proportionally to the scan rate. However, above 100 V s −1 , dopamine migration between sites starts to be kinetically limited so that FSCV current peak intensities do not increase any more proportionally to the scan rate. Ultimately, i.e., above 1000 V s −1 , the dopamine exchange between sites is almost totally blocked so only dopamine molecules initially adsorbed on the electroactive surface nanodomains may be oxidized; the current peak intensities then increase again proportionally with the scan rate though with a smaller slope than that observed at small scan rates. Since carbon fibers with large aspect ratios are frequently used in brain investigations, this effect should be a concern when extracting quantitative results even when each carbon fiber response is properly pre-or post-calibrated using the exact CV waveform and scan rate used during the in vivo measurements. Release and modulation of neurotransmitters fluxes and concentrations are essential in complex organisms since they regulate many key functions by transferring information between cells such as neurons in the brain, neurons and muscle cells as well as through stimulating specific actions in endocrine-related systems. Albeit their unique and ubiquitous functions are well recognized today, the very existence and identification of neurotransmitters has long been a matter of debate up to the end of the second third of the past century, 1-3 and still needs to be better understood. This explains why characterizing fluxes and nature of neurotransmitters release is still stimulating a quest for analytical methods sufficiently accurate, specific and sensitive to investigate dynamic effluxes and flows of neurotransmitters in vivo (e.g., within a living brain) 4-6 or ex vivo (e.g., at the single endocrine cell level, 7-9 or intrasynaptically 10-12 ) with an adequate tempo...

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“…release, carbon-fiber amperometry was used to detect exocytosis from single DRG neuron in real time (Kawagoe, et al, 1993).…”

Section: Single-channel Properties and Pharmacological Characteristicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Channel Properties and Pharmacological Characteristics of KATP Channels in Primary Afferent Neurons

Kawano¹

2012

Patch Clamp Technique

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Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states

Cited by 378 publications

References 45 publications

Slow progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in postnatal Engrailed mutant mice

Slow progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in postnatal Engrailed mutant mice

Surface Heterogeneities Matter in Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Investigations of Catecholamines in Brain with Carbon Microelectrodes of High-Aspect Ratio: Dopamine Oxidation at Conical Carbon Microelectrodes

Single-Channel Properties and Pharmacological Characteristics of KATP Channels in Primary Afferent Neurons

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