Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation

Marder, Eve; Calabrese, RL

doi:10.1152/physrev.1996.76.3.687

Cited by 1,124 publications

(819 citation statements)

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“…Most rhythmic movements are produced by central patterngenerating circuits (Marder and C alabrese, 1996). In many cases, the rhythmic movements are produced over a significant frequency range without appreciable alteration of the fundamental phase relationships or the character of the movement; e.g., an animal is allowed to breathe or to walk at different rates, slowly or quickly.…”

Section: Abstract: Graded Synaptic Transmission; Pyloric Network; Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Dynamics of Graded Synaptic Transmission in the Lobster Stomatogastric Ganglion

et al. 1997

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Synaptic transmission between neurons in the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster Panulirus interruptus is a graded function of membrane potential, with a threshold for transmitter release in the range of Ϫ50 to Ϫ60 mV. We studied the dynamics of graded transmission between the lateral pyloric (LP) neuron and the pyloric dilator (PD) neurons after blocking action potential-mediated transmission with 0.1 M tetrodotoxin. We compared the graded IPSPs (gIPSPs) from LP to PD neurons evoked by square pulse presynaptic depolarizations with those potentials evoked by realistic presynaptic waveforms of variable frequency, amplitude, and duty cycle. The gIPSP shows frequency-dependent synaptic depression. The recovery from depression is slow, and as a result, the gIPSP is depressed at normal pyloric network frequencies. Changes in the duration of the presynaptic depolarization produce nonintuitive changes in the amplitude and time course of the postsynaptic responses, which are again frequency-dependent. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the measurements of synaptic efficacy that are used to understand neural network function are best made using presynaptic waveforms and patterns of activity that mimic those in the functional network. Key words: graded synaptic transmission; pyloric network; central pattern generation; oscillations; synaptic depression; inhibitionMost rhythmic movements are produced by central patterngenerating circuits (Marder and C alabrese, 1996). In many cases, the rhythmic movements are produced over a significant frequency range without appreciable alteration of the fundamental phase relationships or the character of the movement; e.g., an animal is allowed to breathe or to walk at different rates, slowly or quickly. Because circuit dynamics depend on both synaptic and intrinsic properties, it is interesting to ask how these dynamics are affected by changes in network frequency. In this paper we present the effects of frequency on the graded synaptic transmission between neurons of the pyloric circuit of the spiny lobster Panulirus interruptus.The pyloric network of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of P. interruptus is one of the best understood pattern-generating circuits. The connectivity among these neurons and their intrinsic membrane properties have been determined (Selverston and Miller, 1980;Eisen and Marder, 1982; Miller and Selverston, 1982a,b). Both in vivo and in vitro studies in a variety of crustacean species have shown that the triphasic pyloric rhythm operates over a frequency range from ϳ0.1 to ϳ2.5 Hz (Ayers and Selverston, 1979;Rezer and Moulins, 1983;Eisen and Marder, 1984;T urrigiano and Heinzel, 1992; Hooper, 1997a,b). One of the essential puzzles is how the pyloric rhythm can produce approximately the same motor pattern over such a wide frequency range. One possibility is that time-dependent changes in functional synaptic strength, such as facilitation and depression, play a critical role in maintaining network phase relationships as the frequency changes. This th...

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Section: Abstract: Graded Synaptic Transmission; Pyloric Network; Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Dynamics of Graded Synaptic Transmission in the Lobster Stomatogastric Ganglion

et al. 1997

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“…Central pattern generators (CPGs) are specialized neuronal circuits in the central nervous system that produce rhythmic activity in the absence of afferent feedback or rhythmic input (Hooper 2001;Marder and Calabrese 1996). Almost all rhythmic movements of animals (e.g., walking, swimming, breathing, chewing, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase response properties of half-center oscillators

Zhang

Lewis

2013

J Comput Neurosci

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We examine the phase response properties of half-center oscillators (HCOs) that are modeled by a pair of Morris-Lecar-type neurons connected by strong fast inhibitory synapses. We find that the two basic mechanisms for half-center oscillations, "release" and "escape", give rise to strikingly different phase response curves (PRCs). Release-type HCOs are most sensitive to perturbations delivered to cells at times when they are about to transition from the active to the suppressed state, and PRCs are dominated by a large negative peak (phase delays) at corresponding phases. On the other hand, escape-type HCOs are most sensitive to perturbations delivered to cells at times when they are about to transition from the suppressed to the active state, and PRCs are dominated by a large positive peak (phase advances) at corresponding phases. By analyzing the phase space structure of Morris-Lecar-type HCO models with fast synaptic dynamics, we identify the dynamical mechanisms underlying the shapes of the PRCs. To demonstrate the significance of the different shapes of the PRCs for the release-type and escape-type HCOs, we link the shapes of the PRCs to the different frequency modulation properties of release-type

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“…L'analyse de ces phénomènes, initialement basée sur des circuits simples [1,2], a montré la grande diversité des neurones qui, par leurs propriétés membranaires et synaptiques, contribuent ensemble à organiser et à émettre les actes moteurs. La diversité neuronale est d'autant plus importante que les comportements sont complexes.…”

Section: Premières Images De Neurones En Irm Fonctionnelleunclassified

“…Pour quelles raisons ? Il est remarquable que cette question historique [1] soit restée essentiellement sans réponse jusqu'à très récemment, et cela malgré le rôle central joué par la diversité génétique en biologie des populations et dans les politiques de préservation des espèces [2].…”

Section: Modifications De L'activité Neuronale Par Des Stimulus Sensounclassified