Principles and Developments in Soil Grouting: a Historical Review

Abstract

Grouting includes a range of processes that involve the injection of wet or dry materials into the ground to provide improved engineering properties. Common aims are to increase strength or stiffness or to reduce permeability within the mass of ground treated. The simplest process in concept is the permeation of the pore spaces with a fluid grout which then sets, and provides the desired properties. Jet grouting employs erosion and mixing using high energy jets, to attack a wide-ranging set of soils and applications. This paper, mainly, addresses permeation grouting for the improvement of soils, in terms of strengthening or reduction of permeability, and compensation grouting for the displacement of structures during subsurface exploration. The historical evolution of these two grouting processes is described leading up to present-day practice. Reference is made to grouting materials, methods of injection, equipment, limitations and verification for each type of grouting. The grouts used to make permeation grouting are mainly suspensions and chemical solutions. The suspensions penetrate well into soils with granulometry up to coarse sand. On the contrary, the chemical solutions penetrate satisfactorily in finer formations up to fine sands or coarse sludges. Because some chemical solutions are toxic or generally harmful to the environment and humans, an effort has been made internationally in recent years to replace them with inorganic fine-grained suspensions.

A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Assessment and Innovation in Jet Grouting Technologies

“…Despite the wealth of literature detailing these advances, practical implementation often lags, with many practitioners relying on conventional methods, occasionally adapted based on personal experience and empirical rules of thumb [2]. This reliance highlights a gap in knowledge dissemination, particularly for new entrants to the field [2,[6][7][8]. As a result, there's a dearth of comprehensive reviews that synthesize the vast body of jet grouting study needed to bridge this knowledge transfer gap.…”

Fluid injection‐induced cavity expansion in dry porous medium

“…Fluid injection in the subsurface porous medium is a basic process in geo-engineering with applications in hydraulic fracturing (HF), [1][2][3] grouting, [4][5][6][7] wellbore stability, [8][9][10] frac-pack, 11,12 and water flooding. [13][14][15] Under certain conditions, fluid injection into the porous medium results in failure/yielding around the borehole.…”

"The Influence of Uniformity Coefficient and Degree of Soil Saturation on the Injectability of Cement Suspensions - A Mini Review"

“…aims to improve some properties. Since then, several research efforts have been made towards documenting environmentally friendly materials with an emphasis on improving the properties of cement suspensions such as bleeding and durability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Soil is one of the most important and at the same time most complex factors affecting the injectability of cement-based suspensions.…”