Principles and Applications of Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique for Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion battery development is one of the most active contemporary research areas, gaining more attention in recent times, following the increasing importance of energy storage technology. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) has become a crucial method among various electrochemical analyses for battery research. During one titration step in GITT, which consists of a constant current pulse followed by a relaxation period, transient and steady-state voltage changes were measured. It draws both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. The diffusion coefficients of the lithium ion, open-circuit voltages, and overpotentials at various states of charge can be deduced by a series of titration steps. This minireview details the theoretical and practical aspects of GITT analysis, from the measurement method to the derivation of the diffusivity equation for research cases according to the specific experimental purpose. This will shed light on a better understanding of electrochemical reactions and provide insight into the methods for improving lithium-ion battery performance.

Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Co(OH)2 Anode Materials by Introducing Graphene for Next-Generation Li-ion Batteries

“…6. The GITT results demonstrate that the overpotential of Co(OH) 2 /GNP is significantly smaller than that of bare Co(OH) 2 during electrochemical cycling, which corroborates the enhancement of the reaction kinetics in the composite [41]. At a potential close to 0 V (green region), the signals of the CV curves in Fig.…”

Graphene-supported polyoxometalate entrapped in a MIL-88A network with highly efficient conversion of polysulfides in Li–S batteries

“…4b and c), and it was determined that S@PW 11 V-M88A/ rGO exhibited lower reaction resistances in both discharging and charging processes compared with the other two composite electrodes, which demonstrated the alleviated polarization and the enhanced Li + transfer kinetics. 43 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out to obtain a more thorough insight into the electrochemical behaviors of the as-prepared cathode materials, which was consistent with the observations from the GITT measurements. As presented in Fig.…”

“…4b and c), and it was determined that S@PW 11 V-M88A/rGO exhibited lower reaction resistances in both discharging and charging processes compared with the other two composite electrodes, which demonstrated the alleviated polarization and the enhanced Li + transfer kinetics. 43…”

Electrochemical Performance of Layer-Structured Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode Active Materials Synthesized by Carbonate Co-Precipitation

“…When acquiring the GITT data, an open circuit step is followed by a constant-current step, which yields information related to the thermodynamics and diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficient can be obtained using Equation (3) [ 52 ], where n m is the number of moles; V m is the molar volume of the electrode; S is the electrode/electrolyte contact area; ∆E s is the change in the steady-state voltage; and ∆E t is the change in voltage during the pulse, which can be obtained by removing the IR-drop section. …”