Primo Vascular System: An Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Potential Transitional Tissue Involved in Gastric Cancer Metastasis

An, Ping; Su, Zhixun; Qu, Rongmei; Dai, Jingxing; Chen, Wei; Zhongyin, Zhou; Luo, Hesheng; Soh, Kwang–Sup

doi:10.1155/2015/812354

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Second, the PVS group sought to determine the structures in cancer tissues and suggested that the structures could be new cancer metastasis channels in addition to blood and lymphatic vessels [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. One sub-group of the PVS group reported that, through investigating the new structures in several body parts, they found not only various immune cells but also pluripotent adult stem cells able to repair some injured tissues, the location of which had not been well known [66][67][68][69].…”

Section: New Approaches For Visualization and Medical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective

Kim

2022

J Acupunct Meridian Stud

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The purpose of this paper is to compare the biological research carried out in North Korea with the modern outcomes in the same field, from a historical perspective. In the 1960s, the group led by Bong-Han Kim asserted the existence of a fundamental circulatory system in the human body. Their findings were introduced in five papers as well as in the newspaper Rodong Sinmun. The size of the group, the range of equipment, and their findings expanded gradually, and the final paper on blood cells would be only published one of over sixty papers reported at that time. In the five papers, some unclear and inconsistent contents were found. Meanwhile, in the 2000s, PVS (primo vascular system) researchers have published over one hundred papers to prove the existence of this novel system. Some trends have emerged in approximately sixty papers as follows:The research on the identification of the anatomical and histological characteristics has gradually expanded to encompass the system's own functioning. Also, new visual results (e.g. before and after dyeing, and its comparison with blood clots) and the exploration of possible medical applications (e.g. cancer metastasis channels or stem cells location) have been proposed. However, it is difficult to identify papers which comprehensively represented the elements claimed by Bong-Han Kim's group. In addition, papers have been published more in alternative or Oriental medicine journals than in Western biomedical journals. It seems necessary to report more existence of the system in one laboratory animal and in more influential journals.

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Section: New Approaches For Visualization and Medical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective

Kim

2022

J Acupunct Meridian Stud

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“…Animal studies on human or murine derived metastatic tumors suggested that tumor cells might use the PVS as a means of invasion to remote places, 37 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 and development of new PVS around the tumor preceded neovascularization. 47 Further, a study showed that human tumor derived stem cells, which were KLF4 positive, were found in the PVS; and KLF4 is a marker of pluripotent stem cells. 37 Therefore, it was suggested that PVS might provide a niche for cancer stem cells.…”

Section: Stem Cells Of the Pvs And Their Putative Roles In Physiologmentioning

confidence: 99%

Various stem cells in acupuncture meridians and points and their putative roles

Pawitan

2018

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

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Traditional Chinese and Korean medicine uses various manipulations on acupuncture points/acupoints that are located along imaginary lines on the surface of a human body, which are called ‘meridians’. Acupuncture has been used from the ancient time till now to cure various diseases, including for the purpose of regenerative medicine. In various studies, meridians are alternatively called as Bong-Han ducts, primo vessels, or hyaluronic-acid rich ducts, while acupoints are called Bong-Han corpuscles, primo nodes, or hyaluronic-acid rich nodes. Meridians and acupuncture points form a system that is now called primo vascular system (PVS), which is claimed to contain various kinds of stem cells. The stem cell size is between 1-5 microns. The smallest is the primo microcells that have a putative role in regeneration. Other stem cells are adult pluripotent and hematopoietic stem cells that play a role in extra bone marrow hematopoiesis. The presence of PVS has been reproduced by many studies. However, the various stem cells need further studies to prove their existence and function, and harvesting PVS to isolate the stem cells might harm the health of the donor.

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“…In 2010, the team renamed the Bonghan system, the primo vascular system (PVS), and until recently, they reported many scientific evidences corresponding to the structures and contents of the BCs and BDs, as well as new findings regarding their distributions and functions that Bonghan Kim's research team (BRT) had not mentioned [ 9 ]. In addition, in the 2010s, other domestic and international teams, influenced by the PVS team, started to report the potential functions of the Bonghan system, which was related to tumor development [ 10 ], cancer metastasis [ 11 , 12 ], and the origin of adult stem cells [ 13 – 15 ]. In 2013, the BRT's claim was academically reevaluated by international researchers, through the perspective of oriental medicine as well as western science, as a special issue titled “Primo Vascular System: Past, Present, and Future” with 18 articles in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/si/954751/ ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Experimental Methods for Identifying Bonghan Systems as a Basis for Korean Medicine: Focusing on Visual Materials from Original Papers and Modern Outcomes

Kim

Lee

2015

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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In the 1960s, through studies on Korean Medicine, Bonghan Kim proposed the Bonghan systems (BS) as the anatomical reality of the acupuncture meridians based on various experimental data. Since 2002, several groups, mainly led by a team at Seoul National University, who renamed the BS as the primo vascular system (PVS), have published around 70 papers showing biological structures corresponding to the BS. However, it is still difficult for other researchers to find them, especially under the skin, which Bonghan Kim first reported as acupuncture points, due to similar-looking biological tissues, for example, the lymphatic vessels, and such artifacts as blood clots or fascia debris. To solve these drawbacks, we examined the main methods for identifying the BS by comparing the original papers with the modern outcomes in terms of the common physical/chemical characteristics of the BS. In addition, effective methods of staining and microscopic observations discovered by modern teams are synthetically explained using visual materials such as diagrams and photos. Through the essentially organized methods in this review paper, we suggest that one can find the BS under the skin as putative acupuncture points by tracing the intraexternal BS, from which a new Korean Medicine will be born.

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Primo Vascular System: An Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Potential Transitional Tissue Involved in Gastric Cancer Metastasis

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective

Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective

Various stem cells in acupuncture meridians and points and their putative roles

Essential Experimental Methods for Identifying Bonghan Systems as a Basis for Korean Medicine: Focusing on Visual Materials from Original Papers and Modern Outcomes

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