“…While Piaget was clear that children begin with outcome-based evaluations and only later consider others’ intentions in their moral evaluation, more recent research produced heterogeneous results. Whereas some researchers suggest that even school-aged children tend to give more weight to outcomes than to intentions ( Costanzo et al, 1973 ; Yuill, 1984 ; Zelazo et al, 1996 ; Helwig et al, 2001 ; Cushman et al, 2013 ; Gummerum and Chu, 2014 ), others found that when using simplified procedures (e.g., simpler vignettes) or controlling for confounding factors (e.g., the action of the well-intended and the ill-intended actors led to the same outcome), even 4- to 5-year-old (and in some work, even 3-year-old) children consider an agent’s intention ( Chandler et al, 1973 ; Nelson, 1980 ; Baird and Astington, 2004 ; Nobes et al, 2009 , 2016 ; Vaish et al, 2010 ; Killen et al, 2011 ; Gvozdic et al, 2016 ). A recent study ( Josephs et al, 2016 ) demonstrated that 4-year-old (and to some extent even 3-year-old) children take into account an agent’s intentionality (freedom of choice) and protested more when a moral transgression occurred under free conditions than if it occurred under constrained ones.…”