Prime Time Sexual Harassment

Grauerholz, Elizabeth; King, Amy Suzanne

doi:10.1177/1077801297003002003

Cited by 53 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Objectified portrayals of women in a variety of media (e.g., television commercials, prime-time television, magazines; Grauerholz and King 1997;Krassas et al 2003;Lin 1997) perpetuate a normative discontent among U.S. women about their bodies (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997;Rodin et al 1984). Although men are increasingly objectified in the media (Grieve and Helmick 2008;Wiseman and Moradi 2010), it is clear that the negative effects of objectification on body image outcomes (e.g., disordered eating attitudes, body shame, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Relationship between Mother-Daughter Self-Objectification: Identifying Direct, Indirect, and Conditional Direct Effects

Arroyo

Andersen

2015

Sex Roles

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Grounded in aspects of objectification theory, social learning theory, and attachment theory, we investigated the extent to which mothers' and daughters' selfobjectification were related to one another's and also identified three potential intervening factors. Specifically, we hypothesized a (statistical) direct effect of mothers' selfobjectification on that of their daughters' (H1), as well as investigated a conditional direct effect (i.e., maternal care) (H2) and two indirect effects (i.e., co-rumination and mothers' weight concerns) (H3) as intervening factors that may help explain the relationship between mothers' and daughters' self-objectification. A sample of 199 U.S. undergraduate women and their mothers completed an online survey; daughters and mothers mean ages were 19.42 and 50.15, respectively, with a majority of them reporting a normal body mass index (daughters: 23.05; mothers: 25.74) and being White/Caucasian (daughters: 79.4 %; mothers: 80.9 %). The results generally supported the hypotheses. First, H1 was confirmed: Mothers' and daughters' self-objectification were positively related to one another's. Second, perceived maternal care was found to moderate this relationship, such that daughters reported higher levels of self-objectification when they perceived their mothers to be less caring; thus, H2 was confirmed. Third, H3 was partially confirmed: Perceived corumination about weight with mothers, but not perceived mothers' weight-related concerns, was found to be a significant mediator. These results suggest that mothers can serve as protective or inhibitory factors in daughters' experience of self-objectification depending on mothers' level of care and their direct communication with their daughters' about their bodies.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Relationship between Mother-Daughter Self-Objectification: Identifying Direct, Indirect, and Conditional Direct Effects

Arroyo

Andersen

2015

Sex Roles

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Content analyses have shown that, in sexually explicit audiovisual material, men sometimes speak to women in a derogatory, abusive way (e.g., Cowan et al, 1988, Ertel, 1990. In prime-time programming, sexual comments that focus on women's bodies and body parts occur frequently (Grauerholz & King, 1997). As a result, the additional auditory channel in audiovisual material, and with it the possibility to express sexually objectifying verbal or acoustic messages (e.g., whistling), may lead to a stronger association between audiovisual sexual content and notions of women as sex objects than between exclusively visual sexual content and views of women as sex objects.…”

Section: Nature Of the Relation Between Exposure To Sexual Content Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also entails a strong concern with women's sexual activities as the main criterion of their attractiveness and the depiction of women as sexual playthings waiting to please men's sexual desires. In sexually non-explicit content as featured in prime-time television programming and music videos, a focus on women's bodies is more common than a focus on men's bodies (e.g., Grauerholz & King, 1997;Seidman, 1992). For example, a content analysis of prime-time programming showed that, in 84% of the analyzed episodes, at least one incident of sexual harassment occurred.…”

Section: Sexualized Media Environment and Notions Of Women As Sex Objmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a content analysis of prime-time programming showed that, in 84% of the analyzed episodes, at least one incident of sexual harassment occurred. Thirty-two percent of all incidents of sexual harassment were verbal sexual comments that focused on women's bodies or body parts (Grauerholz & King, 1997). An analyses of 182 music videos showed that 37% of women, as opposed to 4% of men, wore revealing clothing (Seidman, 1992).…”

Section: Sexualized Media Environment and Notions Of Women As Sex Objmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment and Their Notions of Women as Sex Objects

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study was designed to investigate whether adolescents' exposure to a sexualized media environment is associated with stronger beliefs that women are sex objects. More specifically, we studied whether the association between notions of women as sex objects and exposure to sexual content of varied explicitness (i.e., sexually nonexplicit, semi-explicit, or explicit) and in different formats (i.e., visual and audio-visual) can be better described as cumulative or as hierarchical. Further, we investigated whether this association was contingent on gender. Based on data from an on-line survey of 745 Dutch adolescents aged 13 to 18, we found that the relationship between exposure to a sexualized media environment and notions of women as sex objects followed a hierarchical pattern: Starting with adolescents' exposure to sexually semiexplicit content, the statistical significance of the relationship with notions of women as sex objects moved from semi-explicit to explicit sexual content and from visual to audio-visual formats. Exposure to sexually explicit material in on-line movies was the only exposure measure significantly related to beliefs that women are sex objects in the final regression model, in which exposure to other forms of sexual content was controlled. The relationship between exposure to a sexualized media environment and notions of women as sex objects did not differ for girls and boys.

show abstract

“…Sexual objectification can play a significant role in the development of attitudes towards and perceptions of the self and others among youth and has powerful implications for interpersonal and inter-gender relations and behaviour (for a review, see Zurbriggen et al, 2007). This is because adolescents are regularly exposed to significant levels of objectifying messages and images from a range of sources that include television (Grauerholz & King, 1997;Ward 1995), music videos (Arnett, 2002;Ward & Rivadeneyra, 2002), sports (Schultz, 2005), and relationships (Brown, 2003). Essentially, these objectifying messages suggest, either explicitly and/or implicitly, that the main characteristic of females to focus on should be the body rather than non-physical attributes, such as personality or skills.…”

Section: Objectification In Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sexual objectification of girls and aggression towards them in gang and non-gang affiliated youth

Vasquez

Osinnowo

Pina

et al. 2017

Psychology, Crime & Law

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

(2016) The sexual objectification of girls and aggression towards them in gang and non-gang affiliated youth. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 23 (5 AbstractSexual objectification is related to various negative attitudes and outcomes, including rape proclivity and reduced moral concern for the objectified, which suggests that objectification has implications for aggression. Our study examined the relationship between objectification and general aggressive behaviour in adolescents, including gang-affiliated youth. We hypothesized that 1) objectification would correlate with aggression towards girls, 2) gang affiliation would correlate with objectification and aggression towards girls, and 3) objectification and gang affiliation would interact such that strongly affiliated participants who objectified girls would be most aggressive towards them. We also hypothesized that sexual objectification would be a significant predictor of aggression above and beyond other factors, such as trait aggression. As predicted, objectification correlated with aggression towards girls and with gang affiliation, which also correlated with aggression. In addition, objectification predicted aggression towards girls, after controlling for other relevant factors.Further, we found an objectification x gang affiliation interaction, which differed from our original predictions. Among participants low in gang affiliation, objectification of girls predicted levels of aggression towards them. Among those high in gang affiliation, however, objectification did not predict aggression. We discussed the implications of our findings for general aggression.

show abstract

Prime Time Sexual Harassment

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

The Relationship between Mother-Daughter Self-Objectification: Identifying Direct, Indirect, and Conditional Direct Effects

The Relationship between Mother-Daughter Self-Objectification: Identifying Direct, Indirect, and Conditional Direct Effects

Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment and Their Notions of Women as Sex Objects

The sexual objectification of girls and aggression towards them in gang and non-gang affiliated youth

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About