Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attractive target for development as a live vaccine vector delivering transgenic antigens from HIV and other pathogens. Most studies aimed at defining the clearance of BCG have been performed at doses between 10 2 and 10 4 CFU. Interestingly, however, recombinant BCG (rBCG) administered at doses of >10 6 CFU effectively generates antigen-specific T-cell responses and primes for heterologous boost responses. Thus, defining clearance at high doses might aid in the optimization of rBCG as a vector. In this study, we used bioluminescence imaging to examine the kinetics of rBCG transgene expression and clearance in mice immunized with 5 ؋ 10 7 CFU rBCG expressing luciferase. Similar to studies using low-dose rBCG, our results demonstrate that the adaptive immune response is necessary for long-term control of rBCG beginning 9 days after immunizing mice. However, in contrast to these reports, we observed that the majority of mycobacterial antigen was eliminated prior to day 9. By examining knockout and antibody-mediated depletion mouse models, we demonstrate that the rapid clearance of rBCG occurs in the first 24 h and is mediated by Gr-1 ؉ cells. As Gr-1 ؉ granulocytes have been described as having no impact on BCG clearance at low doses, our results reveal an unappreciated role for Gr-1 ؉ neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in the clearance of high-dose rBCG. This work demonstrates the potential of applying bioluminescence imaging to rBCG in order to gain an understanding of the immune response and increase the efficacy of rBCG as a vaccine vector.
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated mycobacterial vaccine administered to newborns for the prevention of childhood miliary tuberculosis. BCG possesses several attributes that make it a highly favorable candidate for development as a recombinant vaccine vector. These include its ability (i) to express transgenic antigens from pathogens, such as HIV, (ii) to induce strong T-cell responses associated with the release of gamma interferon (IFN-␥) and other Th 1 cytokines, and (iii) to generate T-cell responses specific for transgenic antigens, which can ultimately be increased by heterologous boost vaccination (1-8). The aforementioned responses are generated with high doses of recombinant BCG (rBCG). Specifically, rBCG administered to mice at a dose equal to 10 6 CFU rapidly induces the development of transgene product-specific T cells, a response not observed using lower doses of 10 3 to 10 6 CFU (9-11). Furthermore, rBCG doses of Ͼ10 7 CFU induce detectable primary T-cell responses directed against the foreign transgenic epitope in rhesus macaque studies, responses that are not observed at lower doses (5,12).Despite the fact that transgene-product specific T cells are generated in response to high doses of rBCG, very few experiments have been performed to determine the clearance of high-dose BCG. Instead, experiments determining the clearance of BCG have been done using lower doses of...