“…Similarly, in cases in which multiple animals are playing together, it may not be readily observable as to which animal is biting, slapping or pushing, so the playfulness of any given contact may be ambiguous , and such polyadic encounters are accompanied by a greater frequency of play signals compared to dyadic ones (Palagi, 2008). While visual signals, such as the play-face in primates (Van Hooff, 1967) and the play bow in dogs (Bekoff, 1995), are most familiar, play signals occurring in other sensory modalities, such as vocalizations, (Biben and Symmes, 1986;Masataka and Kohda, 1988;Rasa, 1984;Kipper and Todt, 2002) and chemical cues (e.g., Wilson, 1973), have been reported.…”