Primate Phylogeny, Ecology, and Social Behavior

Spuhler, J. N.; Jorde, L. B.

doi:10.1086/jar.31.4.3629888

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Despite some skepticism about the utility of phylogenetics for understanding behavioral ecology, there have been attempts to examine primate behavior and ecology in a phylogenetic context since the beginning of the discipline (e.g., DeVore, 1963) and studies of socioecology have clearly recognized strong phylogenetic patterns in primate behavior and ecology (Crook and Gartlan, 1969;Struhsaker, 1969;Spuhler et al, 1975;Wrangham, 1980Wrangham, , 1982. More recently, studies of primate behavior and ecology have begun to incorporate phylogeny from two different perspectives (Fleagle, 1992;Rendall and Di Fiore, 1995).…”

Section: Behavioral Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution

Lockwood¹,

Fleagle²

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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Homoplasy has been a prominent issue in primate systematics and phylogeny for as long as people have been studying human evolution. In the past, homoplasy, in the form of parallel evolution, was often considered the dominant theme in primate evolution. Today, it receives blame for difficulties in phylogenetic analysis, but is essential in the study of adaptation. This paper reviews the history of study of homoplasy, methods of defining homoplasy, and methodological and biological factors that generate homoplasy. A post hoc definition of homology and homoplasy, based on patterns of character distributions and their congruence or incongruence on a cladogram, is the most consistent method of recognizing these phenomena. Defined this way, homology and homoplasy are mutually exclusive. However, when different levels of analysis are examined, it is seen that homoplasy at one level, such as adult phenotype, often exists simultaneously with homology at a different level, such as developmental process. Thus, in some cases, patterns of homoplasy may point to underlying similarities that reflect the shared heritage of a particular clade. This is an old concept that is being renewed on the strength of recent trends in developmental biology. Factors that influence homoplasy include character definition and a host of biological factors, such as developmental constraints, allometry, and adaptation. These interact with one another to provide explanations of homoplastic patterns. Because of the repetition of events, explanations of homoplastic features are often more reliable than those for homologous features, and serve as effective tests for hypotheses of evolutionary process. In some cases, particular explanations of homoplasy lead to generalizations about the likelihood of homoplasy in a type of structure. The structure may be adaptive or highly epigenetic, or it may belong to an anatomical system considered to be more prone to homoplasy than others. However, our review shows that these generalizations are usually based on theory, and contradictory expectations can be developed under different theoretical models. More rigorous empirical studies are necessary to discover what, if any, generalizations can be made about the likelihood of homoplasy in different types of characters.

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Section: Behavioral Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution

Lockwood¹,

Fleagle²

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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“…Recently, size and scaling effects on sexual dimorphism in weight have also been considered (Ralls, 1977;Harvey, 1977, 1978;Leutenegger, 1978Leutenegger, , 1982Leutenegger andCheverud, 1982, 1984). The possible influence of phylogeny on the distribution of sexual dimorphism has received less attention, even though Spuhler and Jorde (1975) and recognized the importance of phylogenetic factors. attempted to control for phylogeny in their analyses by using generic means when they considered the individual species ofa genus to be correlated.…”

Section: Phylogenetic and Specific Aspects Of Sexual Dimorphism In Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quantitative Assessment of Phylogenetic Constraints in Comparative Analyses: Sexual Dimorphism in Body Weight Among Primates

Cheverud¹,

Dow²,

Leutenegger³

1985

Evolution

383

344

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We have presented a formal model for the quantitative analysis of phylogenetic and specific effects on the distribution of trait values among species. Total trait values are divided into phylogenetic values, inherited from an ancestral species, and specific values, the result of independent evolution. This allows a quantitative assessment of the strength of the phylogenetic inertia, or burden, displayed by a character in a lineage, so that questions concerning the relative importance of phylogenetic constraints in evolution can be answered. The separation of phylogenetic from specific effects proposed here also allows phylogenetic factors to be explicitly included in cross-species comparative analyses of adaptation. This solves a long-standing problem in evolutionary comparative studies. Only species' specific values can provide information concerning the independent evolution of characters in a set of related species. Therefore, only correlations among specific values for traits may be used as evidence for adaptation in cross-species comparative analyses. The phylogenetic autocorrelation model was applied to a comparative analysis of the determinants of sexual dimorphism in weight among 44 primate species. In addition to sexual dimorphism in weight, mating system, habitat, diet, and size (weight itself) were included in the analysis. All of the traits, except diet, were substantially influenced by phylogenetic inertia. The comparative analysis of the determinants of sexual dimorphism in weight indicates that 50% of the variation among primate species is due to phylogeny. Size, or scaling, could account for a total of 36% of the variance, making it almost as important as phylogeny in determining the level of dimorphism displayed by a species. Habitat, mating system, and diet follow, accounting for minor amounts of variation. Thus, in attempting to explain why a particular modern primate species is very dimorphic compared to other primates, we would say first because its ancestor was more dimorphic than average, second because it is a relatively large species, and third because it is terrestrial, polygynous, and folivorous.

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“…We studied grey-checked mangabeys in Mabira ( (GombyaSsembajjwe, 1999;Baldwin et al, 1976;Chalmers, 1968;Spuhler and Jorde, 1975;Waser, 1975), so the animals were fairly habituated. Both forests being within the Lake Victoria Basin, they have bimodal rainfall patterns with 1200-1500 mm per year and typically distributed between two distinct rainy seasons: April-May and October-November.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of tannins in fruit diet of grey-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus ugandae, Groves) in Lake Victoria Basin forest reserves

Masette¹,

Isabirye–Basuta²,

Baranga³

et al. 2015

J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.

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Tannins are known to have anti-digestive properties among primates and undoubtedly influence food selection among grey-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus ugandae) living in Mabira and Lwamunda forest reserves. During the 24 months study, we observed the feeding behaviour of three groups of mangabeys in forests with different levels of degradation and management histories. Results indicated that mangabeys selected fruits parts based on tannin levels. Chemical analysis indicated that fruit parts with tannin levels exceeeding 2.6g/100 catechin equivalent were invariably rejected. These were unripe fruit pulp and mature seed. Accepted parts included endosperms of immature fruit and ripe pulp belonging to 12 priority tree species. This selection criteria applied to all types of fruit regardless of forest habitat. The level of rejection of fruit parts with high levels of tannins was more frequent in the severely degraded Lwamunda forest reserve than in Mabira. Consumption of endosperms of unripe fruit appears to be related to fruit scarcity.

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Primate Phylogeny, Ecology, and Social Behavior

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution

The recognition and evaluation of homoplasy in primate and human evolution

The Quantitative Assessment of Phylogenetic Constraints in Comparative Analyses: Sexual Dimorphism in Body Weight Among Primates

Levels of tannins in fruit diet of grey-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus ugandae, Groves) in Lake Victoria Basin forest reserves

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